Removes duplicate elements from self
, the first occurrence always being retained; returns self
if any elements removed, nil
otherwise.
With no block given, identifies and removes elements using method eql?
to compare.
Returns self
if any elements removed:
a = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2] a.uniq! # => [0, 1, 2]
Returns nil
if no elements removed.
With a block given, calls the block for each element; identifies (using method eql?
) and removes elements for which the block returns duplicate values.
Returns self
if any elements removed:
a = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'b', 'bb', 'bbb'] a.uniq! {|element| element.size } # => ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']
Returns nil
if no elements removed.
UNIXServer
represents a UNIX domain stream server socket.
UNIXSocket
represents a UNIX domain stream client socket.
Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. Class
Method
is used to represent methods that are associated with a particular object: these method objects are bound to that object. Bound method objects for an object can be created using Object#method
.
Ruby also supports unbound methods; methods objects that are not associated with a particular object. These can be created either by calling Module#instance_method
or by calling unbind on a bound method object. The result of both of these is an UnboundMethod
object.
Unbound methods can only be called after they are bound to an object. That object must be a kind_of? the method’s original class.
class Square def area @side * @side end def initialize(side) @side = side end end area_un = Square.instance_method(:area) s = Square.new(12) area = area_un.bind(s) area.call #=> 144
Unbound methods are a reference to the method at the time it was objectified: subsequent changes to the underlying class will not affect the unbound method.
class Test def test :original end end um = Test.instance_method(:test) class Test def test :modified end end t = Test.new t.test #=> :modified um.bind(t).call #=> :original
define UnicodeNormalize
module here so that we don’t have to look it up
A base class for objects representing a C union
A pointer to a C union
This exception is raised if the required unicode support is missing on the system. Usually this means that the iconv library is not installed.
Implements DRb
over a UNIX socket
DRb
UNIX socket URIs look like drbunix:<path>?<option>
. The option is optional.
Raised when removing a gem with the uninstall command fails
An Uninstaller
.
The uninstaller fires pre and post uninstall hooks. Hooks can be added either through a rubygems_plugin.rb file in an installed gem or via a rubygems/defaults/#{RUBY_ENGINE}.rb or rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb file. See Gem.pre_uninstall
and Gem.post_uninstall
for details.
Helper methods for both Gem::Installer
and Gem::Uninstaller
The class of the singleton object nil
.
A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted. Kernel#raise
will raise a RuntimeError
if no Exception
class is specified.
raise "ouch"
raises the exception:
RuntimeError: ouch
Use the Monitor
class when you want to have a lock object for blocks with mutual exclusion.
require 'monitor' lock = Monitor.new lock.synchronize do # exclusive access end
Raised when OLE processing failed.
EX:
obj = WIN32OLE.new("NonExistProgID")
raises the exception:
WIN32OLERuntimeError: unknown OLE server: `NonExistProgID' HRESULT error code:0x800401f3 Invalid class string
Raised when throw
is called with a tag which does not have corresponding catch
block.
throw "foo", "bar"
raises the exception:
UncaughtThrowError: uncaught throw "foo"
The Warning
module contains a single method named warn
, and the module extends itself, making Warning.warn
available. Warning.warn
is called for all warnings issued by Ruby. By default, warnings are printed to $stderr.
Changing the behavior of Warning.warn
is useful to customize how warnings are handled by Ruby, for instance by filtering some warnings, and/or outputting warnings somewhere other than $stderr.
If you want to change the behavior of Warning.warn
you should use +Warning.extend(MyNewModuleWithWarnMethod)+ and you can use ‘super` to get the default behavior of printing the warning to $stderr.
Example:
module MyWarningFilter def warn(message, category: nil, **kwargs) if /some warning I want to ignore/.matches?(message) # ignore else super end end end Warning.extend MyWarningFilter
You should never redefine Warning#warn
(the instance method), as that will then no longer provide a way to use the default behavior.
The warning
gem provides convenient ways to customize Warning.warn
.
A representation of a C function
@libc = Fiddle.dlopen "/lib/libc.so.6" #=> #<Fiddle::Handle:0x00000001d7a8d8> f = Fiddle::Function.new( @libc['strcpy'], [Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP, Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP], Fiddle::TYPE_VOIDP) #=> #<Fiddle::Function:0x00000001d8ee00> buff = "000" #=> "000" str = f.call(buff, "123") #=> #<Fiddle::Pointer:0x00000001d0c380 ptr=0x000000018a21b8 size=0 free=0x00000000000000> str.to_s => "123"
@libc = Fiddle.dlopen "/lib/libc.so.6" #=> #<Fiddle::Handle:0x00000001d7a8d8> f = Fiddle::Function.new(@libc['strcpy'], [TYPE_VOIDP, TYPE_VOIDP], TYPE_VOIDP) #=> #<Fiddle::Function:0x00000001d8ee00> f.abi == Fiddle::Function::DEFAULT #=> true
Error raised by the DRb
module when an attempt is made to refer to the context’s current drb server but the context does not have one. See current_server.
An exception wrapping a DRb::DRbUnknown
object
Class
wrapping a marshalled object whose type is unknown locally.
If an object is returned by a method invoked over drb, but the class of the object is unknown in the client namespace, or the object is a constant unknown in the client namespace, then the still-marshalled object is returned wrapped in a DRbUnknown
instance.
If this object is passed as an argument to a method invoked over drb, then the wrapped object is passed instead.
The class or constant name of the object can be read from the name
attribute. The marshalled object is held in the buf
attribute.