Results for: "Logger"

Integer

An Integer object represents an integer value.

You can create an Integer object explicitly with:

You can convert certain objects to Integers with:

An attempt to add a singleton method to an instance of this class causes an exception to be raised.

What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Integer:

Here, class Integer provides methods for:

Querying

Comparing

Converting

Other

FiberError

Raised when an invalid operation is attempted on a Fiber, in particular when attempting to call/resume a dead fiber, attempting to yield from the root fiber, or calling a fiber across threads.

fiber = Fiber.new{}
fiber.resume #=> nil
fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called

RangeError

Raised when a given numerical value is out of range.

[1, 2, 3].drop(1 << 100)

raises the exception:

RangeError: bignum too big to convert into `long'

LoadError

Raised when a file required (a Ruby script, extension library, …) fails to load.

require 'this/file/does/not/exist'

raises the exception:

LoadError: no such file to load -- this/file/does/not/exist

for RubyGems without Bundler environment. If loading library is not part of the default gems and the bundled gems, warn it.

EncodingError

EncodingError is the base class for encoding errors.

NoMatchingPatternError

No documentation available

NoMatchingPatternKeyError

No documentation available

TCPServer

TCPServer represents a TCP/IP server socket.

A simple TCP server may look like:

require 'socket'

server = TCPServer.new 2000 # Server bind to port 2000
loop do
  client = server.accept    # Wait for a client to connect
  client.puts "Hello !"
  client.puts "Time is #{Time.now}"
  client.close
end

A more usable server (serving multiple clients):

require 'socket'

server = TCPServer.new 2000
loop do
  Thread.start(server.accept) do |client|
    client.puts "Hello !"
    client.puts "Time is #{Time.now}"
    client.close
  end
end

UNIXServer

UNIXServer represents a UNIX domain stream server socket.

ZeroDivisionError

Raised when attempting to divide an integer by 0.

42 / 0   #=> ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0

Note that only division by an exact 0 will raise the exception:

42 /  0.0   #=> Float::INFINITY
42 / -0.0   #=> -Float::INFINITY
0  /  0.0   #=> NaN

FloatDomainError

Raised when attempting to convert special float values (in particular Infinity or NaN) to numerical classes which don’t support them.

Float::INFINITY.to_r   #=> FloatDomainError: Infinity

LocalJumpError

Raised when Ruby can’t yield as requested.

A typical scenario is attempting to yield when no block is given:

def call_block
  yield 42
end
call_block

raises the exception:

LocalJumpError: no block given (yield)

A more subtle example:

def get_me_a_return
  Proc.new { return 42 }
end
get_me_a_return.call

raises the exception:

LocalJumpError: unexpected return

RegexpError

Raised when given an invalid regexp expression.

Regexp.new("?")

raises the exception:

RegexpError: target of repeat operator is not specified: /?/

ClosedQueueError

The exception class which will be raised when pushing into a closed Queue. See Thread::Queue#close and Thread::SizedQueue#close.

Coverage

Coverage provides coverage measurement feature for Ruby. This feature is experimental, so these APIs may be changed in future.

Caveat: Currently, only process-global coverage measurement is supported. You cannot measure per-thread coverage.

Usage

  1. require “coverage”

  2. do Coverage.start

  3. require or load Ruby source file

  4. Coverage.result will return a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value. A coverage array gives, for each line, the number of line execution by the interpreter. A nil value means coverage is disabled for this line (lines like else and end).

Examples 

[foo.rb]
s = 0
10.times do |x|
  s += x
end

if s == 45
  p :ok
else
  p :ng
end
[EOF]

require "coverage"
Coverage.start
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result  #=> {"foo.rb"=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}

Lines Coverage

If a coverage mode is not explicitly specified when starting coverage, lines coverage is what will run. It reports the number of line executions for each line.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(lines: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}}

The value of the lines coverage result is an array containing how many times each line was executed. Order in this array is important. For example, the first item in this array, at index 0, reports how many times line 1 of this file was executed while coverage was run (which, in this example, is one time).

A nil value means coverage is disabled for this line (lines like else and end).

Oneshot Lines Coverage

Oneshot lines coverage tracks and reports on the executed lines while coverage is running. It will not report how many times a line was executed, only that it was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(oneshot_lines: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:oneshot_lines=>[1, 2, 3, 6, 7]}}

The value of the oneshot lines coverage result is an array containing the line numbers that were executed.

Branches Coverage

Branches coverage reports how many times each branch within each conditional was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(branches: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}}}

Each entry within the branches hash is a conditional, the value of which is another hash where each entry is a branch in that conditional. The values are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are identifying information about the branch.

The information that makes up each key identifying branches or conditionals is the following, from left to right:

  1. A label for the type of branch or conditional.

  2. A unique identifier.

  3. The starting line number it appears on in the file.

  4. The starting column number it appears on in the file.

  5. The ending line number it appears on in the file.

  6. The ending column number it appears on in the file.

Methods Coverage

Methods coverage reports how many times each method was executed.

[foo_method.rb]
class Greeter
  def greet
    "welcome!"
  end
end

def hello
  "Hi"
end

hello()
Greeter.new.greet()
[EOF]

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(methods: true)
require "foo_method.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo_method.rb"=>{:methods=>{[Object, :hello, 7, 0, 9, 3]=>1, [Greeter, :greet, 2, 2, 4, 5]=>1}}}

Each entry within the methods hash represents a method. The values in this hash are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are identifying information about the method.

The information that makes up each key identifying a method is the following, from left to right:

  1. The class.

  2. The method name.

  3. The starting line number the method appears on in the file.

  4. The starting column number the method appears on in the file.

  5. The ending line number the method appears on in the file.

  6. The ending column number the method appears on in the file.

All Coverage Modes

You can also run all modes of coverage simultaneously with this shortcut. Note that running all coverage modes does not run both lines and oneshot lines. Those modes cannot be run simultaneously. Lines coverage is run in this case, because you can still use it to determine whether or not a line was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(:all)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil], :branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}, :methods=>{}}}

SyntaxSuggest

No documentation available

Net::HTTPInternalServerError

Response class for Internal Server Error responses (status code 500).

An unexpected condition was encountered and no more specific message is suitable.

References:

JSON::GeneratorError

This exception is raised if a generator or unparser error occurs.

ObjectSpace::InternalObjectWrapper

This class is used as a return value from ObjectSpace::reachable_objects_from.

When ObjectSpace::reachable_objects_from returns an object with references to an internal object, an instance of this class is returned.

You can use the type method to check the type of the internal object.

Net::HTTPServerError

Parent class for server error (5xx) HTTP response classes.

A server error response indicates that the server failed to fulfill a request.

References:

Net::ProtoServerError

No documentation available

Encoding::ConverterNotFoundError

Raised by transcoding methods when a named encoding does not correspond with a known converter.

MakeMakefile::Logging

No documentation available

Gem::BundlerVersionFinder

No documentation available

Numeric

Numeric is the class from which all higher-level numeric classes should inherit.

Numeric allows instantiation of heap-allocated objects. Other core numeric classes such as Integer are implemented as immediates, which means that each Integer is a single immutable object which is always passed by value.

a = 1
1.object_id == a.object_id   #=> true

There can only ever be one instance of the integer 1, for example. Ruby ensures this by preventing instantiation. If duplication is attempted, the same instance is returned.

Integer.new(1)                   #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `new' for Integer:Class
1.dup                            #=> 1
1.object_id == 1.dup.object_id   #=> true

For this reason, Numeric should be used when defining other numeric classes.

Classes which inherit from Numeric must implement coerce, which returns a two-member Array containing an object that has been coerced into an instance of the new class and self (see coerce).

Inheriting classes should also implement arithmetic operator methods (+, -, * and /) and the <=> operator (see Comparable). These methods may rely on coerce to ensure interoperability with instances of other numeric classes.

class Tally < Numeric
  def initialize(string)
    @string = string
  end

  def to_s
    @string
  end

  def to_i
    @string.size
  end

  def coerce(other)
    [self.class.new('|' * other.to_i), self]
  end

  def <=>(other)
    to_i <=> other.to_i
  end

  def +(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i + other.to_i))
  end

  def -(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i - other.to_i))
  end

  def *(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i * other.to_i))
  end

  def /(other)
    self.class.new('|' * (to_i / other.to_i))
  end
end

tally = Tally.new('||')
puts tally * 2            #=> "||||"
puts tally > 1            #=> true

What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class Numeric:

Here, class Numeric provides methods for:

Querying

Comparing

Converting

Other

Next
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