RubyGems is the Ruby standard for publishing and managing third party libraries.
For user documentation, see:
- 
gem helpandgem help [command] 
For gem developer documentation see:
- 
Gem::Versionfor version dependency notes 
Further RubyGems documentation can be found at:
- 
RubyGems API (also available from
gem server) 
RubyGems Plugins
RubyGems will load plugins in the latest version of each installed gem or $LOAD_PATH. Plugins must be named ‘rubygems_plugin’ (.rb, .so, etc) and placed at the root of your gem’s require_path. Plugins are installed at a special location and loaded on boot.
For an example plugin, see the Graph gem which adds a gem graph command.
RubyGems Defaults, Packaging
RubyGems defaults are stored in lib/rubygems/defaults.rb. If you’re packaging RubyGems or implementing Ruby you can change RubyGems’ defaults.
For RubyGems packagers, provide lib/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb and override any defaults from lib/rubygems/defaults.rb.
For Ruby implementers, provide lib/rubygems/defaults/#{RUBY_ENGINE}.rb and override any defaults from lib/rubygems/defaults.rb.
If you need RubyGems to perform extra work on install or uninstall, your defaults override file can set pre/post install and uninstall hooks. See Gem::pre_install, Gem::pre_uninstall, Gem::post_install, Gem::post_uninstall.
Bugs
You can submit bugs to the RubyGems bug tracker on GitHub
Credits
RubyGems is currently maintained by Eric Hodel.
RubyGems was originally developed at RubyConf 2003 by:
- 
Rich Kilmer – rich(at)infoether.com
 - 
Chad Fowler – chad(at)chadfowler.com
 - 
David Black – dblack(at)wobblini.net
 - 
Paul Brannan – paul(at)atdesk.com
 - 
Jim Weirich – jim(at)weirichhouse.org
 
Contributors:
- 
Gavin Sinclair – gsinclair(at)soyabean.com.au
 - 
George Marrows – george.marrows(at)ntlworld.com
 - 
Dick Davies – rasputnik(at)hellooperator.net
 - 
Mauricio Fernandez – batsman.geo(at)yahoo.com
 - 
Simon Strandgaard – neoneye(at)adslhome.dk
 - 
Dave Glasser – glasser(at)mit.edu
 - 
Paul Duncan – pabs(at)pablotron.org
 - 
Ville Aine – vaine(at)cs.helsinki.fi
 - 
Eric Hodel – drbrain(at)segment7.net
 - 
Daniel Berger – djberg96(at)gmail.com
 - 
Phil Hagelberg – technomancy(at)gmail.com
 - 
Ryan Davis – ryand-ruby(at)zenspider.com
 - 
Evan Phoenix – evan(at)fallingsnow.net
 - 
Steve Klabnik – steve(at)steveklabnik.com
 
(If your name is missing, PLEASE let us know!)
License
See LICENSE.txt for permissions.
Thanks!
-The RubyGems Team
Location of Marshal quick gemspecs on remote repositories
Subdirectories in a gem repository for default gems
Subdirectories in a gem repository
Backwards compatible typo’d exception class for early RubyGems 2.0.x
An Array of Regexps that match windows Ruby platforms.
RubyGems distributors (like operating system package managers) can disable RubyGems update by setting this to error message printed to end-users on gem update –system instead of actual update.
Whether RubyGems should enhance builtin ‘require` to automatically check whether the path required is present in installed gems, and automatically activate them and add them to `$LOAD_PATH`.
The list of hooks to be run after Gem::DependencyInstaller installs a set of gems
GemDependencyAPI object, which is set when .use_gemdeps is called. This contains all the information from the Gemfile.
Hash of loaded Gem::Specification keyed by name
The list of hooks to be run after Gem::Installer#install extracts files and builds extensions
The list of hooks to be run after Gem::Installer#install completes installation
The list of hooks to be run after Gem::Specification.reset is run.
The list of hooks to be run after Gem::Uninstaller#uninstall completes installation
The list of hooks to be run before Gem::Installer#install does any work
The list of hooks to be run before Gem::Specification.reset is run.
The list of hooks to be run before Gem::Uninstaller#uninstall does any work
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 572
def self.activated_gem_paths
  @activated_gem_paths ||= 0
end
          
        
      The number of paths in the +$LOAD_PATH+ from activated gems. Used to prioritize -I and ENV['RUBYLIB'] entries during require.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 579
def self.add_to_load_path(*paths)
  @activated_gem_paths = activated_gem_paths + paths.size
  # gem directories must come after -I and ENV['RUBYLIB']
  $LOAD_PATH.insert(Gem.load_path_insert_index, *paths)
end
          
        
      Add a list of paths to the $LOAD_PATH at the proper place.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1278
def already_loaded?(file)
  $LOADED_FEATURES.any? do |feature_path|
    feature_path.end_with?(file) && default_gem_load_paths.any? {|load_path_entry| feature_path == "#{load_path_entry}/#{file}" }
  end
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 235
def self.bin_path(name, exec_name = nil, *requirements)
  requirements = Gem::Requirement.default if
    requirements.empty?
  find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements).bin_file exec_name
end
          
        
      Find the full path to the executable for gem name.  If the exec_name is not given, an exception will be raised, otherwise the specified executable’s path is returned.  requirements allows you to specify specific gem versions.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 289
def self.binary_mode
  "rb"
end
          
        
      The mode needed to read a file as straight binary.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 296
def self.bindir(install_dir=Gem.dir)
  return File.join install_dir, "bin" unless
    install_dir.to_s == Gem.default_dir.to_s
  Gem.default_bindir
end
          
        
      The path where gem executables are to be installed.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 147
def self.cache_home
  @cache_home ||= (ENV["XDG_CACHE_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, ".cache"))
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s cache directory.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1227
def clear_default_specs
  @path_to_default_spec_map.clear
end
          
        
      Clear default gem related variables. It is for test
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 314
def self.clear_paths
  @paths         = nil
  @user_home     = nil
  Gem::Specification.reset
  Gem::Security.reset if defined?(Gem::Security)
end
          
        
      Reset the dir and path values.  The next time dir or path is requested, the values will be calculated from scratch.  This is mainly used by the unit tests to provide test isolation.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 133
def self.config_file
  @config_file ||= find_config_file
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s .gemrc file.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 114
def self.config_home
  @config_home ||= (ENV["XDG_CONFIG_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, ".config"))
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s configuration directory.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 324
def self.configuration
  @configuration ||= Gem::ConfigFile.new []
end
          
        
      The standard configuration object for gems.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 332
def self.configuration=(config)
  @configuration = config
end
          
        
      Use the given configuration object (which implements the ConfigFile protocol) as the standard configuration object.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 154
def self.data_home
  @data_home ||= (ENV["XDG_DATA_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, ".local", "share"))
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s data directory.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 204
def self.default_bindir
  RbConfig::CONFIG["bindir"]
end
          
        
      The default directory for binaries
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 228
def self.default_cert_path
  default_cert_path = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-public_cert.pem"
  unless File.exist?(default_cert_path)
    default_cert_path = File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "gem-public_cert.pem"
  end
  default_cert_path
end
          
        
      The default signing certificate chain path
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 37
def self.default_dir
  @default_dir ||= File.join(RbConfig::CONFIG["rubylibprefix"], "gems", RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"])
end
          
        
      Default home directory path to be used if an alternate value is not specified in the environment
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 186
def self.default_exec_format
  exec_format = begin
                  RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"].sub("ruby", "%s")
                rescue StandardError
                  "%s"
                end
  unless exec_format.include?("%s")
    raise Gem::Exception,
      "[BUG] invalid exec_format #{exec_format.inspect}, no %s"
  end
  exec_format
end
          
        
      Deduce Ruby’s –program-prefix and –program-suffix from its install name
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 48
def self.default_ext_dir_for(base_dir)
  nil
end
          
        
      Returns binary extensions dir for specified RubyGems base dir or nil if such directory cannot be determined.
By default, the binary extensions are located side by side with their Ruby counterparts, therefore nil is returned
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1284
def default_gem_load_paths
  @default_gem_load_paths ||= $LOAD_PATH[load_path_insert_index..-1].map do |lp|
    expanded = File.expand_path(lp)
    next expanded unless File.exist?(expanded)
    File.realpath(expanded)
  end
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 215
def self.default_key_path
  default_key_path = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "gem-private_key.pem"
  unless File.exist?(default_key_path)
    default_key_path = File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "gem-private_key.pem"
  end
  default_key_path
end
          
        
      The default signing key path
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 175
def self.default_path
  path = []
  path << user_dir if user_home && File.exist?(user_home)
  path << default_dir
  path << vendor_dir if vendor_dir && File.directory?(vendor_dir)
  path
end
          
        
      Default gem load path
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 55
def self.default_rubygems_dirs
  nil # default to standard layout
end
          
        
      Paths where RubyGems’ .rb files and bin files are installed
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 15
def self.default_sources
  %w[https://rubygems.org/]
end
          
        
      An Array of the default sources that come with RubyGems
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 23
def self.default_spec_cache_dir
  default_spec_cache_dir = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gem", "specs"
  unless File.exist?(default_spec_cache_dir)
    default_spec_cache_dir = File.join Gem.data_home, "gem", "specs"
  end
  default_spec_cache_dir
end
          
        
      Default spec directory path to be used if an alternate value is not specified in the environment
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 62
def self.default_specifications_dir
  @default_specifications_dir ||= File.join(Gem.default_dir, "specifications", "default")
end
          
        
      Path to specification files of default gems.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 339
def self.deflate(data)
  require "zlib"
  Zlib::Deflate.deflate data
end
          
        
      A Zlib::Deflate.deflate wrapper
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 387
def self.dir
  paths.home
end
          
        
      The path where gems are to be installed.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 683
def self.done_installing(&hook)
  @done_installing_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a post-installs hook that will be passed a Gem::DependencyInstaller and a list of installed specifications when Gem::DependencyInstaller#install is complete
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 948
def self.dynamic_library_suffixes
  @dynamic_library_suffixes ||= suffixes - [".rb"]
end
          
        
      Suffixes for dynamic library require-able paths.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 421
def self.ensure_default_gem_subdirectories(dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil)
  ensure_subdirectories(dir, mode, REPOSITORY_DEFAULT_GEM_SUBDIRECTORIES)
end
          
        
      Quietly ensure the Gem directory dir contains all the proper subdirectories for handling default gems.  If we can’t create a directory due to a permission problem, then we will silently continue.
If mode is given, missing directories are created with this mode.
World-writable directories will never be created.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 408
def self.ensure_gem_subdirectories(dir = Gem.dir, mode = nil)
  ensure_subdirectories(dir, mode, REPOSITORY_SUBDIRECTORIES)
end
          
        
      Quietly ensure the Gem directory dir contains all the proper subdirectories.  If we can’t create a directory due to a permission problem, then we will silently continue.
If mode is given, missing directories are created with this mode.
World-writable directories will never be created.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 816
def self.env_requirement(gem_name)
  @env_requirements_by_name ||= {}
  @env_requirements_by_name[gem_name] ||= begin
    req = ENV["GEM_REQUIREMENT_#{gem_name.upcase}"] || ">= 0"
    Gem::Requirement.create(req)
  end
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 121
def self.find_config_file
  gemrc = File.join Gem.user_home, ".gemrc"
  if File.exist? gemrc
    gemrc
  else
    File.join Gem.config_home, "gem", "gemrc"
  end
end
          
        
      Finds the user’s config file
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 472
def self.find_files(glob, check_load_path=true)
  files = []
  files = find_files_from_load_path glob if check_load_path
  gem_specifications = @gemdeps ? Gem.loaded_specs.values : Gem::Specification.stubs
  files.concat gem_specifications.map {|spec|
    spec.matches_for_glob("#{glob}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}")
  }.flatten
  # $LOAD_PATH might contain duplicate entries or reference
  # the spec dirs directly, so we prune.
  files.uniq! if check_load_path
  files
end
          
        
      Returns a list of paths matching glob that can be used by a gem to pick up features from other gems.  For example:
Gem.find_files('rdoc/discover').each do |path| load path end
if check_load_path is true (the default), then find_files also searches $LOAD_PATH for files as well as gems.
Note that find_files will return all files even if they are from different versions of the same gem.  See also find_latest_files
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 81
def self.find_home
  Dir.home.dup
rescue StandardError
  if Gem.win_platform?
    File.expand_path File.join(ENV["HOMEDRIVE"] || ENV["SystemDrive"], "/")
  else
    File.expand_path "/"
  end
end
          
        
      Finds the user’s home directory.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 509
def self.find_latest_files(glob, check_load_path=true)
  files = []
  files = find_files_from_load_path glob if check_load_path
  files.concat Gem::Specification.latest_specs(true).map {|spec|
    spec.matches_for_glob("#{glob}#{Gem.suffix_pattern}")
  }.flatten
  # $LOAD_PATH might contain duplicate entries or reference
  # the spec dirs directly, so we prune.
  files.uniq! if check_load_path
  files
end
          
        
      Returns a list of paths matching glob from the latest gems that can be used by a gem to pick up features from other gems.  For example:
Gem.find_latest_files('rdoc/discover').each do |path| load path end
if check_load_path is true (the default), then find_latest_files also searches $LOAD_PATH for files as well as gems.
Unlike find_files, find_latest_files will return only files from the latest version of a gem.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 242
def self.find_spec_for_exe(name, exec_name, requirements)
  raise ArgumentError, "you must supply exec_name" unless exec_name
  dep = Gem::Dependency.new name, requirements
  loaded = Gem.loaded_specs[name]
  return loaded if loaded && dep.matches_spec?(loaded)
  specs = dep.matching_specs(true)
  specs = specs.find_all do |spec|
    spec.executables.include? exec_name
  end if exec_name
  unless spec = specs.first
    msg = "can't find gem #{dep} with executable #{exec_name}"
    raise Gem::GemNotFoundException, msg
  end
  spec
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1219
def find_unresolved_default_spec(path)
  default_spec = @path_to_default_spec_map[path]
  return default_spec if default_spec && loaded_specs[default_spec.name] != default_spec
end
          
        
      Find a Gem::Specification of default gem from path
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 220
def self.finish_resolve(request_set=Gem::RequestSet.new)
  request_set.import Gem::Specification.unresolved_deps.values
  request_set.import Gem.loaded_specs.values.map {|s| Gem::Dependency.new(s.name, s.version) }
  request_set.resolve_current.each do |s|
    s.full_spec.activate
  end
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 544
def self.host
  @host ||= Gem::DEFAULT_HOST
end
          
        
      Get the default RubyGems API host. This is normally https://rubygems.org.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 550
def self.host=(host)
  @host = host
end
          
        
      Set the default RubyGems API host.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 533
def self.install(name, version = Gem::Requirement.default, *options)
  require_relative "rubygems/dependency_installer"
  inst = Gem::DependencyInstaller.new(*options)
  inst.install name, version
  inst.installed_gems
end
          
        
      Top level install helper method. Allows you to install gems interactively:
% irb >> Gem.install "minitest" Fetching: minitest-5.14.0.gem (100%) => [#<Gem::Specification:0x1013b4528 @name="minitest", ...>]
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1004
def self.java_platform?
  RUBY_PLATFORM == "java"
end
          
        
      Is this a java platform?
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 841
def self.latest_rubygems_version
  latest_version_for("rubygems-update") ||
    raise("Can't find 'rubygems-update' in any repo. Check `gem source list`.")
end
          
        
      Returns the latest release version of RubyGems.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 828
def self.latest_spec_for(name)
  dependency   = Gem::Dependency.new name
  fetcher      = Gem::SpecFetcher.fetcher
  spec_tuples, = fetcher.spec_for_dependency dependency
  spec, = spec_tuples.last
  spec
end
          
        
      Returns the latest release-version specification for the gem name.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 849
def self.latest_version_for(name)
  latest_spec_for(name)&.version
end
          
        
      Returns the version of the latest release-version of gem name
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1046
def self.load_env_plugins
  load_plugin_files find_files_from_load_path("rubygems_plugin")
end
          
        
      Find all ‘rubygems_plugin’ files in $LOAD_PATH and load them
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 558
def self.load_path_insert_index
  $LOAD_PATH.each_with_index do |path, i|
    return i if path.instance_variable_defined?(:@gem_prelude_index)
  end
  index = $LOAD_PATH.index RbConfig::CONFIG["sitelibdir"]
  index || 0
end
          
        
      The index to insert activated gem paths into the $LOAD_PATH. The activated gem’s paths are inserted before site lib directory by default.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1037
def self.load_plugins
  Gem.path.each do |gem_path|
    load_plugin_files Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("*#{Gem.plugin_suffix_pattern}", plugindir(gem_path))
  end
end
          
        
      Find rubygems plugin files in the standard location and load them
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 604
def self.load_safe_marshal
  return if @safe_marshal_loaded
  require_relative "rubygems/safe_marshal"
  @safe_marshal_loaded = true
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 591
def self.load_yaml
  return if @yaml_loaded
  require "psych"
  require_relative "rubygems/psych_tree"
  require_relative "rubygems/safe_yaml"
  @yaml_loaded = true
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 626
def self.location_of_caller(depth = 1)
  caller[depth] =~ /(.*?):(\d+).*?$/i
  file = $1
  lineno = $2.to_i
  [file, lineno]
end
          
        
      The file name and line number of the caller of the caller of this method.
depth is how many layers up the call stack it should go.
e.g.,
def a; Gem.location_of_caller; end a #=> [“x.rb”, 2]  # (it’ll vary depending on file name and line number)
def b; c; end def c; Gem.location_of_caller(2); end b #=> [“x.rb”, 6]  # (it’ll vary depending on file name and line number)
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 637
def self.marshal_version
  "#{Marshal::MAJOR_VERSION}.#{Marshal::MINOR_VERSION}"
end
          
        
      The version of the Marshal format for your Ruby.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 212
def self.needs
  rs = Gem::RequestSet.new
  yield rs
  finish_resolve rs
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 776
def self.open_file(path, flags, &block)
  File.open(path, flags) do |io|
    if !java_platform? && win_platform?
      begin
        io.flock(File::LOCK_EX)
      rescue Errno::ENOSYS, Errno::ENOTSUP
      end
    end
    yield io
  end
rescue Errno::ENOLCK # NFS
  if Thread.main != Thread.current
    raise
  else
    File.open(path, flags) do |io|
      yield io
    end
  end
end
          
        
      Open a file with given flags, and on Windows protect access with flock
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 286
def self.operating_system_defaults
  {}
end
          
        
      Default options for gem commands for Ruby packagers.
The options here should be structured as an array of string “gem” command names as keys and a string of the default options as values.
Example:
def self.operating_system_defaults
{
    'install' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang',
    'update' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang'
}
end
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 391
def self.path
  paths.path
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 168
def self.path_separator
  File::PATH_SEPARATOR
end
          
        
      How String Gem paths should be split.  Overridable for esoteric platforms.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 347
def self.paths
  @paths ||= Gem::PathSupport.new(ENV)
end
          
        
      Retrieve the PathSupport object that RubyGems uses to lookup files.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 357
  def self.paths=(env)
    clear_paths
    target = {}
    env.each_pair do |k,v|
      case k
      when "GEM_HOME", "GEM_PATH", "GEM_SPEC_CACHE"
        case v
        when nil, String
          target[k] = v
        when Array
          unless Gem::Deprecate.skip
            warn <<-EOWARN
Array values in the parameter to `Gem.paths=` are deprecated.
Please use a String or nil.
An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
            EOWARN
          end
          target[k] = v.join File::PATH_SEPARATOR
        end
      else
        target[k] = v
      end
    end
    @paths = Gem::PathSupport.new ENV.to_hash.merge(target)
    Gem::Specification.dirs = @paths.path
  end
          
        
      Initialize the filesystem paths to use from env. env is a hash-like object (typically ENV) that is queried for ‘GEM_HOME’, ‘GEM_PATH’, and ‘GEM_SPEC_CACHE’ Keys for the env hash should be Strings, and values of the hash should be Strings or nil.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 305
def self.platform_defaults
  {}
end
          
        
      Default options for gem commands for Ruby implementers.
The options here should be structured as an array of string “gem” command names as keys and a string of the default options as values.
Example:
def self.platform_defaults
{
    'install' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang',
    'update' => '--no-rdoc --no-ri --env-shebang'
}
end
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 651
def self.platforms
  @platforms ||= []
  if @platforms.empty?
    @platforms = [Gem::Platform::RUBY, Gem::Platform.local]
  end
  @platforms
end
          
        
      Array of platforms this RubyGems supports.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 644
def self.platforms=(platforms)
  @platforms = platforms
end
          
        
      Set array of platforms this RubyGems supports (primarily for testing).
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 921
def self.plugin_suffix_pattern
  @plugin_suffix_pattern ||= "_plugin#{suffix_pattern}"
end
          
        
      Glob pattern for require-able plugin suffixes.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 928
def self.plugin_suffix_regexp
  @plugin_suffix_regexp ||= /_plugin#{suffix_regexp}\z/
end
          
        
      Regexp for require-able plugin suffixes.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 305
def self.plugindir(install_dir=Gem.dir)
  File.join install_dir, "plugins"
end
          
        
      The path were rubygems plugins are to be installed.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 666
def self.post_build(&hook)
  @post_build_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a post-build hook that will be passed an Gem::Installer instance when Gem::Installer#install is called.  The hook is called after the gem has been extracted and extensions have been built but before the executables or gemspec has been written.  If the hook returns false then the gem’s files will be removed and the install will be aborted.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 674
def self.post_install(&hook)
  @post_install_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a post-install hook that will be passed an Gem::Installer instance when Gem::Installer#install is called
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 691
def self.post_reset(&hook)
  @post_reset_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a hook that will get run after Gem::Specification.reset is run.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 700
def self.post_uninstall(&hook)
  @post_uninstall_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a post-uninstall hook that will be passed a Gem::Uninstaller instance and the spec that was uninstalled when Gem::Uninstaller#uninstall is called
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 709
def self.pre_install(&hook)
  @pre_install_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a pre-install hook that will be passed an Gem::Installer instance when Gem::Installer#install is called.  If the hook returns false then the install will be aborted.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 717
def self.pre_reset(&hook)
  @pre_reset_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a hook that will get run before Gem::Specification.reset is run.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 726
def self.pre_uninstall(&hook)
  @pre_uninstall_hooks << hook
end
          
        
      Adds a pre-uninstall hook that will be passed an Gem::Uninstaller instance and the spec that will be uninstalled when Gem::Uninstaller#uninstall is called
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 735
def self.prefix
  prefix = File.dirname RUBYGEMS_DIR
  if prefix != File.expand_path(RbConfig::CONFIG["sitelibdir"]) &&
     prefix != File.expand_path(RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]) &&
     File.basename(RUBYGEMS_DIR) == "lib"
    prefix
  end
end
          
        
      The directory prefix this RubyGems was installed at. If your prefix is in a standard location (ie, rubygems is installed where you’d expect it to be), then prefix returns nil.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 755
def self.read_binary(path)
  open_file(path, "rb+", &:read)
rescue Errno::EACCES, Errno::EROFS
  open_file(path, "rb", &:read)
end
          
        
      Safely read a file in binary mode on all platforms.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 748
def self.refresh
  Gem::Specification.reset
end
          
        
      Refresh available gems from disk.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1194
def register_default_spec(spec)
  extended_require_paths = spec.require_paths.map {|f| f + "/" }
  new_format = extended_require_paths.any? {|path| spec.files.any? {|f| f.start_with? path } }
  if new_format
    prefix_group = extended_require_paths.join("|")
    prefix_pattern = /^(#{prefix_group})/
  end
  spec.files.each do |file|
    if new_format
      file = file.sub(prefix_pattern, "")
      next unless $~
    end
    spec.activate if already_loaded?(file)
    @path_to_default_spec_map[file] = spec
    @path_to_default_spec_map[file.sub(suffix_regexp, "")] = spec
  end
end
          
        
      Register a Gem::Specification for default gem.
Two formats for the specification are supported:
- 
MRI 2.0 style, where spec.files contains unprefixed require names. The spec’s filenames will be registered as-is.
 - 
New style, where spec.files contains files prefixed with paths from spec.require_paths. The prefixes are stripped before registering the spec’s filenames. Unprefixed files are omitted.
 
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 799
def self.ruby
  if @ruby.nil?
    @ruby = RbConfig.ruby
    @ruby = "\"#{@ruby}\"" if /\s/.match?(@ruby)
  end
  @ruby
end
          
        
      The path to the running Ruby interpreter.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 812
def self.ruby_api_version
  @ruby_api_version ||= RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"].dup
end
          
        
      Returns a String containing the API compatibility version of Ruby
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 208
def self.ruby_engine
  RUBY_ENGINE
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 856
def self.ruby_version
  return @ruby_version if defined? @ruby_version
  version = RUBY_VERSION.dup
  if RUBY_PATCHLEVEL == -1
    if RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
      desc = RUBY_DESCRIPTION[/\Aruby #{Regexp.quote(RUBY_VERSION)}([^ ]+) /, 1]
    else
      desc = RUBY_DESCRIPTION[/\A#{RUBY_ENGINE} #{Regexp.quote(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)} \(#{RUBY_VERSION}([^ ]+)\) /, 1]
    end
    version << ".#{desc}" if desc
  end
  @ruby_version = Gem::Version.new version
end
          
        
      A Gem::Version for the currently running Ruby.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 875
def self.rubygems_version
  return @rubygems_version if defined? @rubygems_version
  @rubygems_version = Gem::Version.new Gem::VERSION
end
          
        
      A Gem::Version for the currently running RubyGems
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1011
def self.solaris_platform?
  RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("solaris")
end
          
        
      Is this platform Solaris?
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1149
def self.source_date_epoch
  Time.at(source_date_epoch_string.to_i).utc.freeze
end
          
        
      Returns the value of Gem.source_date_epoch_string, as a Time object.
This is used throughout RubyGems for enabling reproducible builds.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1130
def self.source_date_epoch_string
  # The value used if $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is not set.
  @default_source_date_epoch ||= Time.now.to_i.to_s
  specified_epoch = ENV["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"]
  # If it's empty or just whitespace, treat it like it wasn't set at all.
  specified_epoch = nil if !specified_epoch.nil? && specified_epoch.strip.empty?
  epoch = specified_epoch || @default_source_date_epoch
  epoch.strip
end
          
        
      If the SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH environment variable is set, returns it’s value. Otherwise, returns the time that Gem.source_date_epoch_string was first called in the same format as SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH.
NOTE(@duckinator): The implementation is a tad weird because we want to:
1. Make builds reproducible by default, by having this function always return the same result during a given run. 2. Allow changing ENV['SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'] at runtime, since multiple tests that set this variable will be run in a single process.
If you simplify this function and a lot of tests fail, that is likely due to #2 above.
Details on SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: reproducible-builds.org/specs/source-date-epoch/
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 884
def self.sources
  source_list = configuration.sources || default_sources
  @sources ||= Gem::SourceList.from(source_list)
end
          
        
      Returns an Array of sources to fetch remote gems from. Uses default_sources if the sources list is empty.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 896
def self.sources=(new_sources)
  if !new_sources
    @sources = nil
  else
    @sources = Gem::SourceList.from(new_sources)
  end
end
          
        
      Need to be able to set the sources without calling Gem.sources.replace since that would cause an infinite loop.
DOC: This comment is not documentation about the method itself, it’s more of a code comment about the implementation.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 395
def self.spec_cache_dir
  paths.spec_cache_dir
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 140
def self.state_file
  @state_file ||= File.join(Gem.state_home, "gem", "last_update_check")
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s state file.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 161
def self.state_home
  @state_home ||= (ENV["XDG_STATE_HOME"] || File.join(Gem.user_home, ".local", "state"))
end
          
        
      The path to standard location of the user’s state directory.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 907
def self.suffix_pattern
  @suffix_pattern ||= "{#{suffixes.join(",")}}"
end
          
        
      Glob pattern for require-able path suffixes.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 914
def self.suffix_regexp
  @suffix_regexp ||= /#{Regexp.union(suffixes)}\z/
end
          
        
      Regexp for require-able path suffixes.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 935
def self.suffixes
  @suffixes ||= ["",
                 ".rb",
                 *%w[DLEXT DLEXT2].map do |key|
                   val = RbConfig::CONFIG[key]
                   next unless val && !val.empty?
                   ".#{val}"
                 end].compact.uniq
end
          
        
      Suffixes for require-able paths.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 956
def self.time(msg, width = 0, display = Gem.configuration.verbose)
  now = Time.now
  value = yield
  elapsed = Time.now - now
  ui.say format("%2$*1$s: %3$3.3fs", -width, msg, elapsed) if display
  value
end
          
        
      Prints the amount of time the supplied block takes to run using the debug UI output.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 187
def self.try_activate(path)
  # finds the _latest_ version... regardless of loaded specs and their deps
  # if another gem had a requirement that would mean we shouldn't
  # activate the latest version, then either it would already be activated
  # or if it was ambiguous (and thus unresolved) the code in our custom
  # require will try to activate the more specific version.
  spec = Gem::Specification.find_by_path path
  return false unless spec
  return true if spec.activated?
  begin
    spec.activate
  rescue Gem::LoadError => e # this could fail due to gem dep collisions, go lax
    spec_by_name = Gem::Specification.find_by_name(spec.name)
    if spec_by_name.nil?
      raise e
    else
      spec_by_name.activate
    end
  end
  true
end
          
        
      Try to activate a gem containing path. Returns true if activation succeeded or wasn’t needed because it was already activated. Returns false if it can’t find the path in a gem.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 971
def self.ui
  require_relative "rubygems/user_interaction"
  Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui
end
          
        
      Lazily loads DefaultUserInteraction and returns the default UI.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 1070
def self.use_gemdeps(path = nil)
  raise_exception = path
  path ||= ENV["RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS"]
  return unless path
  path = path.dup
  if path == "-"
    Gem::Util.traverse_parents Dir.pwd do |directory|
      dep_file = GEM_DEP_FILES.find {|f| File.file?(f) }
      next unless dep_file
      path = File.join directory, dep_file
      break
    end
  end
  unless File.file? path
    return unless raise_exception
    raise ArgumentError, "Unable to find gem dependencies file at #{path}"
  end
  ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] ||= File.expand_path(path)
  require_relative "rubygems/user_interaction"
  require "bundler"
  begin
    Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.use_ui(ui) do
      Bundler.ui.silence do
        @gemdeps = Bundler.setup
      end
    ensure
      Gem::DefaultUserInteraction.ui.close
    end
  rescue Bundler::BundlerError => e
    warn e.message
    warn "You may need to `bundle install` to install missing gems"
    warn ""
  end
end
          
        
      Looks for a gem dependency file at path and activates the gems in the file if found.  If the file is not found an ArgumentError is raised.
If path is not given the RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS environment variable is used, but if no file is found no exception is raised.
If ‘-’ is given for path RubyGems searches up from the current working directory for gem dependency files (gem.deps.rb, Gemfile, Isolate) and activates the gems in the first one found.
You can run this automatically when rubygems starts.  To enable, set the RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS environment variable to either the path of your gem dependencies file or “-” to auto-discover in parent directories.
NOTE: Enabling automatic discovery on multiuser systems can lead to execution of arbitrary code when used from directories outside your control.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 981
def self.use_paths(home, *paths)
  paths.flatten!
  paths.compact!
  hash = { "GEM_HOME" => home, "GEM_PATH" => paths.empty? ? home : paths.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) }
  hash.delete_if {|_, v| v.nil? }
  self.paths = hash
end
          
        
      
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 103
def self.user_dir
  gem_dir = File.join(Gem.user_home, ".gem")
  gem_dir = File.join(Gem.data_home, "gem") unless File.exist?(gem_dir)
  parts = [gem_dir, ruby_engine]
  parts << RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"] unless RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"].empty?
  File.join parts
end
          
        
      Path for gems in the user’s home directory
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems/defaults.rb, line 96
def self.user_home
  @user_home ||= find_home
end
          
        
      The home directory for the user.
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 992
def self.win_platform?
  if @@win_platform.nil?
    ruby_platform = RbConfig::CONFIG["host_os"]
    @@win_platform = !WIN_PATTERNS.find {|r| ruby_platform =~ r }.nil?
  end
  @@win_platform
end
          
        
      Is this a windows platform?
          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.3.0/lib/rubygems.rb, line 763
def self.write_binary(path, data)
  open_file(path, "wb") do |io|
    io.write data
  end
rescue Errno::ENOSPC
  # If we ran out of space but the file exists, it's *guaranteed* to be corrupted.
  File.delete(path) if File.exist?(path)
  raise
end
          
        
      Safely write a file in binary mode on all platforms.