Returns the subsequent rescue clause of the rescue node. This method is deprecated in favor of subsequent.
Returns the else clause of the unless node. This method is deprecated in favor of else_clause.
Extensions to build when installing the gem, specifically the paths to extconf.rb-style files used to compile extensions.
These files will be run when the gem is installed, causing the C (or whatever) code to be compiled on the user’s machine.
Usage:
spec.extensions << 'ext/rmagic/extconf.rb'
See Gem::Ext::Builder for information about writing extensions for gems.
Sets extensions to extensions, ensuring it is an array.
Returns extensions.
Setter for extensions val.
Adds to self all elements from each array in other_arrays; returns self:
a = [0, 1] a.concat(['two', 'three'], [:four, :five], a) # => [0, 1, "two", "three", :four, :five, 0, 1]
Related: see Methods for Assigning.
When a block and a positive integer-convertible object argument count (0 < count <= self.size) are given, calls the block with each combination of self of size count; returns self:
a = %w[a b c] # => ["a", "b", "c"] a.combination(2) {|combination| p combination } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
Output:
["a", "b"] ["a", "c"] ["b", "c"]
The order of the yielded combinations is not guaranteed.
When count is zero, calls the block once with a new empty array:
a.combination(0) {|combination| p combination } [].combination(0) {|combination| p combination }
Output:
[] []
When count is negative or larger than self.size and self is non-empty, does not call the block:
a.combination(-1) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"] a.combination(4) {|combination| fail 'Cannot happen' } # => ["a", "b", "c"]
With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.
Related: Array#permutation; see also Methods for Iterating.
Returns the conjugate of self, Complex.rect(self.imag, self.real):
Complex.rect(1, 2).conj # => (1-2i)
Returns the conjugate of self, Complex.rect(self.imag, self.real):
Complex.rect(1, 2).conj # => (1-2i)
Returns self.
Concatenates each object in objects to self and returns self:
s = 'foo' s.concat('bar', 'baz') # => "foobarbaz" s # => "foobarbaz"
For each given object object that is an Integer, the value is considered a codepoint and converted to a character before concatenation:
s = 'foo' s.concat(32, 'bar', 32, 'baz') # => "foo bar baz"
Related: String#<<, which takes a single argument.
Returns pathname configuration variable using fpathconf().
name should be a constant under Etc which begins with PC_.
The return value is an integer or nil. nil means indefinite limit. (fpathconf() returns -1 but errno is not set.)
require 'etc' IO.pipe {|r, w| p w.pathconf(Etc::PC_PIPE_BUF) #=> 4096 }
Returns an integer whose bits show the options set in self.
The option bits are:
Regexp::IGNORECASE # => 1 Regexp::EXTENDED # => 2 Regexp::MULTILINE # => 4
Examples:
/foo/.options # => 0 /foo/i.options # => 1 /foo/x.options # => 2 /foo/m.options # => 4 /foo/mix.options # => 7
Note that additional bits may be set in the returned integer; these are maintained internally in self, are ignored if passed to Regexp.new, and may be ignored by the caller:
Returns the set of bits corresponding to the options used when creating this regexp (see Regexp::new for details). Note that additional bits may be set in the returned options: these are used internally by the regular expression code. These extra bits are ignored if the options are passed to Regexp::new:
r = /\xa1\xa2/e # => /\xa1\xa2/ r.source # => "\\xa1\\xa2" r.options # => 16 Regexp.new(r.source, r.options) # => /\xa1\xa2/
Requests a connection to be made on the given remote_sockaddr. Returns 0 if successful, otherwise an exception is raised.
remote_sockaddr - the struct sockaddr contained in a string or Addrinfo object
# Pull down Google's web page require 'socket' include Socket::Constants socket = Socket.new( AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0 ) sockaddr = Socket.pack_sockaddr_in( 80, 'www.google.com' ) socket.connect( sockaddr ) socket.write( "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" ) results = socket.read
On unix-based systems the following system exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::EACCES - search permission is denied for a component of the prefix path or write access to the socket is denied
Errno::EADDRINUSE - the sockaddr is already in use
Errno::EADDRNOTAVAIL - the specified sockaddr is not available from the local machine
Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT - the specified sockaddr is not a valid address for the address family of the specified socket
Errno::EALREADY - a connection is already in progress for the specified socket
Errno::EBADF - the socket is not a valid file descriptor
Errno::ECONNREFUSED - the target sockaddr was not listening for connections refused the connection request
Errno::ECONNRESET - the remote host reset the connection request
Errno::EFAULT - the sockaddr cannot be accessed
Errno::EHOSTUNREACH - the destination host cannot be reached (probably because the host is down or a remote router cannot reach it)
Errno::EINPROGRESS - the O_NONBLOCK is set for the socket and the connection cannot be immediately established; the connection will be established asynchronously
Errno::EINTR - the attempt to establish the connection was interrupted by delivery of a signal that was caught; the connection will be established asynchronously
Errno::EISCONN - the specified socket is already connected
Errno::EINVAL - the address length used for the sockaddr is not a valid length for the address family or there is an invalid family in sockaddr
Errno::ENAMETOOLONG - the pathname resolved had a length which exceeded PATH_MAX
Errno::ENETDOWN - the local interface used to reach the destination is down
Errno::ENETUNREACH - no route to the network is present
Errno::ENOBUFS - no buffer space is available
Errno::ENOSR - there were insufficient STREAMS resources available to complete the operation
Errno::ENOTSOCK - the socket argument does not refer to a socket
Errno::EOPNOTSUPP - the calling socket is listening and cannot be connected
Errno::EPROTOTYPE - the sockaddr has a different type than the socket bound to the specified peer address
Errno::ETIMEDOUT - the attempt to connect timed out before a connection was made.
On unix-based systems if the address family of the calling socket is AF_UNIX the follow exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::EIO - an i/o error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system
Errno::ELOOP - too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname in sockaddr
Errno::ENAMETOOLLONG - a component of a pathname exceeded NAME_MAX characters, or an entire pathname exceeded PATH_MAX characters
Errno::ENOENT - a component of the pathname does not name an existing file or the pathname is an empty string
Errno::ENOTDIR - a component of the path prefix of the pathname in sockaddr is not a directory
On Windows systems the following system exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::ENETDOWN - the network is down
Errno::EADDRINUSE - the socket’s local address is already in use
Errno::EINTR - the socket was cancelled
Errno::EINPROGRESS - a blocking socket is in progress or the service provider is still processing a callback function. Or a nonblocking connect call is in progress on the socket.
Errno::EALREADY - see Errno::EINVAL
Errno::EADDRNOTAVAIL - the remote address is not a valid address, such as ADDR_ANY TODO check ADDRANY TO INADDR_ANY
Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT - addresses in the specified family cannot be used with with this socket
Errno::ECONNREFUSED - the target sockaddr was not listening for connections refused the connection request
Errno::EFAULT - the socket’s internal address or address length parameter is too small or is not a valid part of the user space address
Errno::EINVAL - the socket is a listening socket
Errno::EISCONN - the socket is already connected
Errno::ENETUNREACH - the network cannot be reached from this host at this time
Errno::EHOSTUNREACH - no route to the network is present
Errno::ENOBUFS - no buffer space is available
Errno::ENOTSOCK - the socket argument does not refer to a socket
Errno::ETIMEDOUT - the attempt to connect timed out before a connection was made.
Errno::EWOULDBLOCK - the socket is marked as nonblocking and the connection cannot be completed immediately
Errno::EACCES - the attempt to connect the datagram socket to the broadcast address failed
connect manual pages on unix-based systems
connect function in Microsoft’s Winsock functions reference
creates a socket connected to the address of self.
The optional argument opts is options represented by a hash. opts may have following options:
specify the timeout in seconds.
If a block is given, it is called with the socket and the value of the block is returned. The socket is returned otherwise.
Addrinfo.tcp("www.ruby-lang.org", 80).connect {|s| s.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.ruby-lang.org\r\n\r\n" puts s.read }
Connects udpsocket to host:port.
This makes possible to send without destination address.
u1 = UDPSocket.new u1.bind("127.0.0.1", 4913) u2 = UDPSocket.new u2.connect("127.0.0.1", 4913) u2.send "uuuu", 0 p u1.recvfrom(10) #=> ["uuuu", ["AF_INET", 33230, "localhost", "127.0.0.1"]]
Appends the given more_string to the [stored string].
Returns self.
Does not affect the [positions] or [match values].
scanner = StringScanner.new('foo') scanner.string # => "foo" scanner.terminate scanner.concat('barbaz') # => #<StringScanner 3/9 "foo" @ "barba..."> scanner.string # => "foobarbaz" put_situation(scanner) # Situation: # pos: 3 # charpos: 3 # rest: "barbaz" # rest_size: 6
Returns system configuration directory.
This is typically "/etc", but is modified by the prefix used when Ruby was compiled. For example, if Ruby is built and installed in /usr/local, returns "/usr/local/etc" on other platforms than Windows.
On Windows, this always returns the directory provided by the system.
Returns system configuration variable using sysconf().
name should be a constant under Etc which begins with SC_.
The return value is an integer or nil. nil means indefinite limit. (sysconf() returns -1 but errno is not set.)
Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_ARG_MAX) #=> 2097152 Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX) #=> 256
Encodes string using String.encode.
Sets or gets information about the current GC config.
Configuration parameters are GC implementation-specific and may change without notice.
This method can be called without parameters to retrieve the current config as a Hash with Symbol keys.
This method can also be called with a Hash argument to assign values to valid config keys. Config keys missing from the passed Hash will be left unmodified.
If a key/value pair is passed to this function that does not correspond to a valid config key for the GC implementation being used, no config will be updated, the key will be present in the returned Hash, and its value will be nil. This is to facilitate easy migration between GC implementations.
In both call-seqs, the return value of GC.config will be a Hash containing the most recent full configuration, i.e., all keys and values defined by the specific GC implementation being used. In the case of a config update, the return value will include the new values being updated.
This method is only expected to work on CRuby.
The GC.config hash can also contain keys that are global and read-only. These keys are not specific to any one GC library implementation and attempting to write to them will raise ArgumentError.
There is currently only one global, read-only key:
Returns a String containing the name of the currently loaded GC library, if one has been loaded using RUBY_GC_LIBRARY, and “default” in all other cases
GC libraries are expected to document their own configuration. Valid keys for Ruby’s default GC implementation are:
Controls whether the GC is allowed to run a full mark (young & old objects).
When true, GC interleaves major and minor collections. This is the default. GC will function as intended.
When false, the GC will never trigger a full marking cycle unless explicitly requested by user code. Instead, only a minor mark will run—only young objects will be marked. When the heap space is exhausted, new pages will be allocated immediately instead of running a full mark.
A flag will be set to notify that a full mark has been requested. This flag is accessible using GC.latest_gc_info(:need_major_by)
The user can trigger a major collection at any time using GC.start(full_mark: true)
When false, Young to Old object promotion is disabled. For performance reasons, it is recommended to warm up an application using Process.warmup before setting this parameter to false.