An HTTP client API for Ruby.
Net::HTTP provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP user-agents. For more details about HTTP see [RFC2616](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt)
Net::HTTP is designed to work closely with URI. URI::HTTP#host, URI::HTTP#port and URI::HTTP#request_uri are designed to work with Net::HTTP.
If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try OpenURI.
Simple Examples
All examples assume you have loaded Net::HTTP with:
require 'net/http'
This will also require ‘uri’ so you don’t need to require it separately.
The Net::HTTP methods in the following section do not persist connections. They are not recommended if you are performing many HTTP requests.
GET
Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String
GET by URI
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
GET with Dynamic Parameters
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
POST
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50') puts res.body
POST with Multiple Values
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50') puts res.body
How to use Net::HTTP
The following example code can be used as the basis of a HTTP user-agent which can perform a variety of request types using persistent connections.
uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Net::HTTP::start immediately creates a connection to an HTTP server which is kept open for the duration of the block. The connection will remain open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it supports persistent connections.
The request types Net::HTTP supports are listed below in the section “HTTP Request Classes”.
If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP requests without automatically closing it you can use ::new instead of ::start. request will automatically open a connection to the server if one is not currently open. You can manually close the connection with finish.
For all the Net::HTTP request objects and shortcut request methods you may supply either a String for the request path or a URI from which Net::HTTP will extract the request path.
Response Data
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) # Headers res['Set-Cookie'] # => String res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array res.to_hash['set-cookie'] # => Array puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}" # Status puts res.code # => '200' puts res.message # => 'OK' puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK' # Body puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?
Following Redirection
Each Net::HTTPResponse object belongs to a class for its response code.
For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a Net::HTTPSuccess subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a Net::HTTPRedirection subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the Net::HTTPOK class. For details of response classes, see the section “HTTP Response Classes” below.
Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:
def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10) # You should choose a better exception. raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0 response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str)) case response when Net::HTTPSuccess then response when Net::HTTPRedirection then location = response['location'] warn "redirected to #{location}" fetch(location, limit - 1) else response.value end end print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')
POST
A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post request class. This example creates a urlencoded POST body:
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi') req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31') res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http| http.request(req) end case res when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection # OK else res.value end
At this time Net::HTTP does not support multipart/form-data. To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPRequest#body= and Net::HTTPRequest#content_type=:
req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.body = multipart_data req.content_type = 'multipart/form-data'
Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put).
Setting Headers
The following example performs a conditional GET using the If-Modified-Since header. If the files has not been modified since the time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned. See RFC 2616 section 9.3 for further details.
uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response') file = File.stat 'cached_response' req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822 res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io| io.write res.body end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
Basic Authentication
Basic authentication is performed according to [RFC2617](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt)
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value') req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass' res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } puts res.body
Streaming Response Bodies
By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO.
uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri http.request request do |response| open 'large_file', 'w' do |io| response.read_body do |chunk| io.write chunk end end end end
HTTPS
HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.
uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI object that has a HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turn on TLS verification if the URI object has a ‘https’ URI scheme.
uri = URI('https://example.com/') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require ‘net/https’ to use HTTPS. This is no longer true.
Proxies
Net::HTTP will automatically create a proxy from the http_proxy environment variable if it is present. To disable use of http_proxy, pass nil for the proxy address.
You may also create a custom proxy:
proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host' proxy_port = 8080 Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http| # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080 }
See Net::HTTP.new for further details and examples such as proxies that require a username and password.
Compression
Net::HTTP automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a Range header was sent.
Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.
HTTP Request Classes
Here is the HTTP request class hierarchy.
HTTP Response Classes
Here is HTTP response class hierarchy. All classes are defined in Net module and are subclasses of Net::HTTPResponse.
HTTPUnknownResponse-
For unhandled
HTTPextensions HTTPInformation-
1xx
HTTPContinue-
100
HTTPSwitchProtocol-
101
HTTPSuccess-
2xx
HTTPOK-
200
HTTPCreated-
201
HTTPAccepted-
202
HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation-
203
HTTPNoContent-
204
HTTPResetContent-
205
HTTPPartialContent-
206
HTTPMultiStatus-
207
HTTPIMUsed-
226
HTTPRedirection-
3xx
HTTPMultipleChoices-
300
HTTPMovedPermanently-
301
HTTPFound-
302
HTTPSeeOther-
303
HTTPNotModified-
304
HTTPUseProxy-
305
HTTPTemporaryRedirect-
307
HTTPClientError-
4xx
HTTPBadRequest-
400
HTTPUnauthorized-
401
HTTPPaymentRequired-
402
HTTPForbidden-
403
HTTPNotFound-
404
HTTPMethodNotAllowed-
405
HTTPNotAcceptable-
406
HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired-
407
HTTPRequestTimeOut-
408
HTTPConflict-
409
HTTPGone-
410
HTTPLengthRequired-
411
HTTPPreconditionFailed-
412
HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge-
413
HTTPRequestURITooLong-
414
HTTPUnsupportedMediaType-
415
HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable-
416
HTTPExpectationFailed-
417
HTTPUnprocessableEntity-
422
HTTPLocked-
423
HTTPFailedDependency-
424
HTTPUpgradeRequired-
426
HTTPPreconditionRequired-
428
HTTPTooManyRequests-
429
HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge-
431
HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons-
451
HTTPServerError-
5xx
HTTPInternalServerError-
500
HTTPNotImplemented-
501
HTTPBadGateway-
502
HTTPServiceUnavailable-
503
HTTPGatewayTimeOut-
504
HTTPVersionNotSupported-
505
HTTPInsufficientStorage-
507
HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired-
511
There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when there is a protocol error.
The DNS host name or IP address to connect to.
The port number to connect to.
The local host used to establish the connection.
The local port used to establish the connection.
Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a Net::OpenTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP object cannot read data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::ReadTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The default value is nil.
Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
The file can contain several CA certificates.
Sets path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in PEM format.
Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object as client certificate. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos’s OpenSSL extension).
Sets the X509::Store to verify peer certificate.
Sets the available ciphers. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=
Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos’s OpenSSL extension.)
Sets the SSL timeout seconds.
Sets the SSL version. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=
Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.
Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session.
OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
Address of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
Port number of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
User name for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
User password for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1005
def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
return self unless p_addr
Class.new(self) {
@is_proxy_class = true
if p_addr == :ENV then
@proxy_from_env = true
@proxy_address = nil
@proxy_port = nil
else
@proxy_from_env = false
@proxy_address = p_addr
@proxy_port = p_port || default_port
end
@proxy_user = p_user
@proxy_pass = p_pass
}
end
Creates an HTTP proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP, but performs all access via the specified proxy.
This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new. See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 543
def HTTP.default_port
http_default_port()
end
The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 461
def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
get_response(uri_or_host, path, port).body
end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response as a string. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:
print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
or:
print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 442
def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil)
get_response(uri_or_host, path, port) {|res|
res.read_body do |chunk|
$stdout.print chunk
end
}
nil
end
Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:
Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')
or:
Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 477
def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path = nil, port = nil, &block)
if path
host = uri_or_host
new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
return http.request_get(path, &block)
}
else
uri = uri_or_host
start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
:use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
return http.request_get(uri, &block)
}
end
end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response as a Net::HTTPResponse object. The target can either be specified as (uri), or as (host, path, port = 80); so:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')) print res.body
or:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html') print res.body
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 548
def HTTP.http_default_port
80
end
The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 553
def HTTP.https_default_port
443
end
The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 634
def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
http = super address, port
if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
http.proxy_address = @proxy_address
http.proxy_port = @proxy_port
http.proxy_user = @proxy_user
http.proxy_pass = @proxy_pass
elsif p_addr == :ENV then
http.proxy_from_env = true
else
http.proxy_address = p_addr
http.proxy_port = p_port || default_port
http.proxy_user = p_user
http.proxy_pass = p_pass
end
http
end
Creates a new Net::HTTP object without opening a TCP connection or HTTP session.
The address should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the port is the port the server operates on. If no port is given the default port for HTTP or HTTPS is used.
If none of the p_ arguments are given, the proxy host and port are taken from the http_proxy environment variable (or its uppercase equivalent) if present. If the proxy requires authentication you must supply it by hand. See URI::Generic#find_proxy for details of proxy detection from the environment. To disable proxy detection set p_addr to nil.
If you are connecting to a custom proxy, p_addr the DNS name or IP address of the proxy host, p_port the port to use to access the proxy, and p_user and p_pass the username and password if authorization is required to use the proxy.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 503
def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
start(url.hostname, url.port,
:use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
http.post(url.path, data, header)
}
end
Posts data to the specified URI object.
Example:
require 'net/http' require 'uri' Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json, "Content-Type" => "application/json"
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 528
def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
req = Post.new(url)
req.form_data = params
req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
start(url.hostname, url.port,
:use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
http.request(req)
}
end
Posts HTML form data to the specified URI object. The form data must be provided as a Hash mapping from String to String. Example:
{ "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
This method also does Basic Authentication iff url.user exists. But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986). So this feature will be removed.
Example:
require 'net/http' require 'uri' Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1028
def proxy_class?
defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
end
returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 591
def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
if opt
if opt[:use_ssl]
opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
end
http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
key = $1.to_sym
opt.key?(key) or next
http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
end
end
http.start(&block)
end
Creates a new Net::HTTP object, then additionally opens the TCP connection and HTTP session.
Arguments are the following:
- address
-
hostname or IP address of the server
- port
-
port of the server
- p_addr
-
address of proxy
- p_port
-
port of proxy
- p_user
-
user of proxy
- p_pass
-
pass of proxy
- opt
-
optional hash
opt sets following values by its accessor. The keys are ca_file, ca_path, cert, cert_store, ciphers, close_on_empty_response, key, open_timeout, read_timeout, ssl_timeout, ssl_version, use_ssl, verify_callback, verify_depth and verify_mode. If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of verify_mode is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
If the optional block is given, the newly created Net::HTTP object is passed to it and closed when the block finishes. In this case, the return value of this method is the return value of the block. If no block is given, the return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP object itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion using the finish() method.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 408
def HTTP.version_1_2
true
end
Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features. Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 414
def HTTP.version_1_2?
true
end
Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode. Defaults to true.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1574
def D(msg)
return unless @debug_output
@debug_output << msg
@debug_output << "\n"
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1566
def addr_port
if use_ssl?
address() + (port == HTTP.https_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
else
address() + (port == HTTP.http_default_port ? '' : ":#{port()}")
end
end
utils
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1483
def begin_transport(req)
if @socket.closed?
connect
elsif @last_communicated
if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
@socket.close
connect
elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
D "Conn close because of EOF"
@socket.close
connect
end
end
if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response
req['connection'] ||= 'close'
end
req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl?
req['host'] ||= addr_port()
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 892
def connect
if proxy? then
conn_address = proxy_address
conn_port = proxy_port
else
conn_address = address
conn_port = port
end
D "opening connection to #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
begin
TCPSocket.open(conn_address, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
rescue => e
raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " +
"#{conn_address}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})"
end
}
s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
D "opened"
if use_ssl?
if proxy?
plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
debug_output: @debug_output)
buf = "CONNECT #{@address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
if proxy_user
credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
end
buf << "\r\n"
plain_sock.write(buf)
HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value
# assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response
end
ssl_parameters = Hash.new
iv_list = instance_variables
SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i|
if iv_list.include?(ivname) and
value = instance_variable_get(ivname)
ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value if value
end
end
@ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
@ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
D "starting SSL for #{conn_address}:#{conn_port}..."
s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
s.sync_close = true
# Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
if @ssl_session and
Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
s.session = @ssl_session if @ssl_session
end
ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
if @ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE
s.post_connection_check(@address)
end
@ssl_session = s.session
D "SSL established"
end
@socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
debug_output: @debug_output)
on_connect
rescue => exception
if s
D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
s.close
end
raise
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 750
def continue_timeout=(sec)
@socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
@continue_timeout = sec
end
Setter for the continue_timeout attribute.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1275
def copy(path, initheader = nil)
request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
end
Sends a COPY request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1263
def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
end
Sends a DELETE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 979
def do_finish
@started = false
@socket.close if @socket
@socket = nil
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 886
def do_start
connect
@started = true
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1108
def edit_path(path)
if proxy?
if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl?
path
else
"http://#{addr_port}#{path}"
end
else
path
end
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1506
def end_transport(req, res)
@curr_http_version = res.http_version
@last_communicated = nil
if @socket.closed?
D 'Conn socket closed'
elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
D 'Conn close'
@socket.close
elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
D 'Conn keep-alive'
@last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
else
D 'Conn close'
@socket.close
end
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 974
def finish
raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
do_finish
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1163
def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
res = nil
request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
r.read_body dest, &block
res = r
}
res
end
Retrieves data from path on the connected-to host which may be an absolute path String or a URI to extract the path from.
initheader must be a Hash like { ‘Accept’ => ‘/’, … }, and it defaults to an empty hash. If initheader doesn’t have the key ‘accept-encoding’, then a value of “gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3” is used, so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate compression, which is used in preference to no compression. Ruby doesn’t have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv) compression, so that is not supported. The intent of this is to reduce bandwidth by default. If this routine sets up compression, then it does the decompression also, removing the header as well to prevent confusion. Otherwise it leaves the body as it found it.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises an exception.
response = http.get('/index.html') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.get('/~foo/') do |str| f.write str end }
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1185
def head(path, initheader = nil)
request(Head.new(path, initheader))
end
Gets only the header from path on the connected-to host. header is a Hash like { ‘Accept’ => ‘/’, … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
This method never raises an exception.
response = nil Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http| response = http.head('/index.html') } p response['content-type']
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 690
def inspect
"#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1523
def keep_alive?(req, res)
return false if req.connection_close?
if @curr_http_version <= '1.0'
res.connection_keep_alive?
else # HTTP/1.1 or later
not res.connection_close?
end
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1239
def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
end
Sends a LOCK request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1281
def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
end
Sends a MKCOL request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1269
def move(path, initheader = nil)
request(Move.new(path, initheader))
end
Sends a MOVE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 968
def on_connect
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1251
def options(path, initheader = nil)
request(Options.new(path, initheader))
end
Sends a OPTIONS request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1223
def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
end
Sends a PATCH request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 856
def peer_cert
if not use_ssl? or not @socket
return nil
end
@socket.io.peer_cert
end
Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1217
def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
end
Posts data (must be a String) to path. header must be a Hash like { ‘Accept’ => ‘/’, … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises exception.
response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str| f.write str end }
You should set Content-Type: header field for POST. If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses “application/x-www-form-urlencoded” by default.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1257
def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
end
Sends a PROPFIND request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1233
def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
end
Sends a PROPPATCH request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1047
def proxy?
!!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
end
True if requests for this connection will be proxied
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1066
def proxy_address
if @proxy_from_env then
proxy_uri&.hostname
else
@proxy_address
end
end
The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1052
def proxy_from_env?
@proxy_from_env
end
True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1089
def proxy_pass
@proxy_pass
end
The proxy password, if one is configured
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1075
def proxy_port
if @proxy_from_env then
proxy_uri&.port
else
@proxy_port
end
end
The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1084
def proxy_user
@proxy_user
end
The proxy username, if one is configured
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 739
def read_timeout=(sec)
@socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
@read_timeout = sec
end
Setter for the read_timeout attribute.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1405
def request(req, body = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
unless started?
start {
req['connection'] ||= 'close'
return request(req, body, &block)
}
end
if proxy_user()
req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
end
req.set_body_internal body
res = transport_request(req, &block)
if sspi_auth?(res)
sspi_auth(req)
res = transport_request(req, &block)
end
res
end
Sends an HTTPRequest object req to the HTTP server.
If req is a Net::HTTP::Post or Net::HTTP::Put request containing data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a Net::HTTP::Head or Net::HTTP::Get request results in an ArgumentError.
Returns an HTTPResponse object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1316
def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
end
Sends a GET request to the path. Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_get('/index.html') # The entity body is already read in this case. p response['content-type'] puts response.body # Using a block http.request_get('/index.html') {|response| p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1330
def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
end
Sends a HEAD request to the path and returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_head('/index.html') p response['content-type']
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1360
def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
end
Sends a POST request to the path.
Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
When called with a block, the block is passed an HTTPResponse object. The body of that response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# example response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') p response.status puts response.body # body is already read in this case # using block http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response| p response.status p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1428
def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
res = nil
request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
r.read_body dest, &block
res = r
}
res
end
Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1384
def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
request r, data
end
Sends an HTTP request to the HTTP server. Also sends a DATA string if data is given.
Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html') puts response.body
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 703
def set_debug_output(output)
warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started' if started?
@debug_output = output
end
WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.
Sets an output stream for debugging.
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
http.set_debug_output $stderr
http.start { .... }
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1547
def sspi_auth(req)
n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new
req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}"
# Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present.
req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
res = transport_request(req)
authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"] or return res
req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}"
rescue => err
raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err)
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1532
def sspi_auth?(res)
return false unless @sspi_enabled
if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and
proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate")
begin
require 'win32/sspi'
true
rescue LoadError
false
end
else
false
end
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 872
def start # :yield: http
raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
if block_given?
begin
do_start
return yield(self)
ensure
do_finish
end
end
do_start
self
end
Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.
When this method is called with a block, it passes the Net::HTTP object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and HTTP session after the block has been executed.
When called with a block, it returns the return value of the block; otherwise, it returns self.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 762
def started?
@started
end
Returns true if the HTTP session has been started.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1287
def trace(path, initheader = nil)
request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
end
Sends a TRACE request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1439
def transport_request(req)
count = 0
begin
begin_transport req
res = catch(:response) {
req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path)
begin
res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
res.decode_content = req.decode_content
end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)
res.uri = req.uri
res
}
res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) {
yield res if block_given?
}
rescue Net::OpenTimeout
raise
rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError,
Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE,
# avoid a dependency on OpenSSL
defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError,
Timeout::Error => exception
if count == 0 && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
count += 1
@socket.close if @socket
D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
retry
end
D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
@socket.close if @socket
raise
end
end_transport req, res
res
rescue => exception
D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
@socket.close if @socket
raise exception
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 1245
def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
end
Sends a UNLOCK request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 779
def use_ssl=(flag)
flag = flag ? true : false
if started? and @use_ssl != flag
raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
end
@use_ssl = flag
end
# File tmp/rubies/ruby-2.4.10/lib/net/http.rb, line 771
def use_ssl?
@use_ssl
end
Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with HTTP.