Sets the stream’s data mode as binary (see Data Mode).
A stream’s data mode may not be changed from binary to text.
Returns true if the stream is on binary mode, false otherwise. See Data Mode.
Returns a string representation of self:
f = File.open('t.txt') f.inspect # => "#<File:t.txt>" f.close
Reads a line as with IO#gets, but raises EOFError if already at end-of-stream.
Optional keyword argument chomp specifies whether line separators are to be omitted.
Iterates over the elements of range in steps of s. The iteration is performed by + operator:
(0..6).step(2) { puts _1 } #=> 1..5 # Prints: 0, 2, 4, 6 # Iterate between two dates in step of 1 day (24 hours) (Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)..Time.utc(2022, 3, 1)).step(24*60*60) { puts _1 } # Prints: # 2022-02-24 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-25 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-26 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-27 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-28 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-03-01 00:00:00 UTC
If + step decreases the value, iteration is still performed when step begin is higher than the end:
(0..6).step(-2) { puts _1 } # Prints nothing (6..0).step(-2) { puts _1 } # Prints: 6, 4, 2, 0 (Time.utc(2022, 3, 1)..Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)).step(-24*60*60) { puts _1 } # Prints: # 2022-03-01 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-28 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-27 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-26 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-25 00:00:00 UTC # 2022-02-24 00:00:00 UTC
When the block is not provided, and range boundaries and step are Numeric, the method returns Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence.
(1..5).step(2) # => ((1..5).step(2)) (1.0..).step(1.5) #=> ((1.0..).step(1.5)) (..3r).step(1/3r) #=> ((..3/1).step((1/3)))
Enumerator::ArithmeticSequence can be further used as a value object for iteration or slicing of collections (see Array#[]). There is a convenience method % with behavior similar to step to produce arithmetic sequences more expressively:
# Same as (1..5).step(2) (1..5) % 2 # => ((1..5).%(2))
In a generic case, when the block is not provided, Enumerator is returned:
('a'..).step('b') #=> #<Enumerator: "a"..:step("b")> ('a'..).step('b').take(3) #=> ["a", "ab", "abb"]
If s is not provided, it is considered 1 for ranges with numeric begin:
(1..5).step { p _1 } # Prints: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
For non-Numeric ranges, step absence is an error:
(Time.utc(2022, 3, 1)..Time.utc(2022, 2, 24)).step { p _1 } # raises: step is required for non-numeric ranges (ArgumentError)
For backward compatibility reasons, String ranges support the iteration both with string step and with integer step. In the latter case, the iteration is performed by calculating the next values with String#succ:
('a'..'e').step(2) { p _1 } # Prints: a, c, e ('a'..'e').step { p _1 } # Default step 1; prints: a, b, c, d, e
Returns the object that defines the beginning of self.
(1..4).begin # => 1 (..2).begin # => nil
Related: Range#first, Range#end.
With no argument, returns the first element of self, if it exists:
(1..4).first # => 1 ('a'..'d').first # => "a"
With non-negative integer argument n given, returns the first n elements in an array:
(1..10).first(3) # => [1, 2, 3] (1..10).first(0) # => [] (1..4).first(50) # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
Raises an exception if there is no first element:
(..4).first # Raises RangeError
With no argument, returns the last element of self, if it exists:
(1..4).last # => 4 ('a'..'d').last # => "d"
Note that last with no argument returns the end element of self even if exclude_end? is true:
(1...4).last # => 4 ('a'...'d').last # => "d"
With non-negative integer argument n given, returns the last n elements in an array:
(1..10).last(3) # => [8, 9, 10] (1..10).last(0) # => [] (1..4).last(50) # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
Note that last with argument does not return the end element of self if exclude_end? it true:
(1...4).last(3) # => [1, 2, 3] ('a'...'d').last(3) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
Raises an exception if there is no last element:
(1..).last # Raises RangeError
Returns the minimum value in self, using method <=> or a given block for comparison.
With no argument and no block given, returns the minimum-valued element of self.
(1..4).min # => 1 ('a'..'d').min # => "a" (-4..-1).min # => -4
With non-negative integer argument n given, and no block given, returns the n minimum-valued elements of self in an array:
(1..4).min(2) # => [1, 2] ('a'..'d').min(2) # => ["a", "b"] (-4..-1).min(2) # => [-4, -3] (1..4).min(50) # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
If a block is given, it is called:
First, with the first two element of self.
Then, sequentially, with the so-far minimum value and the next element of self.
To illustrate:
(1..4).min {|a, b| p [a, b]; a <=> b } # => 1
Output:
[2, 1] [3, 1] [4, 1]
With no argument and a block given, returns the return value of the last call to the block:
(1..4).min {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => 4
With non-negative integer argument n given, and a block given, returns the return values of the last n calls to the block in an array:
(1..4).min(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [4, 3] (1..4).min(50) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [4, 3, 2, 1]
Returns an empty array if n is zero:
(1..4).min(0) # => [] (1..4).min(0) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []
Returns nil or an empty array if:
The begin value of the range is larger than the end value:
(4..1).min # => nil (4..1).min(2) # => [] (4..1).min {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => nil (4..1).min(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []
The begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value:
(1...1).min # => nil (1...1).min(2) # => [] (1...1).min {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => nil (1...1).min(2) {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => []
Raises an exception if either:
self is a beginless range: (..4).
A block is given and self is an endless range.
Related: Range#max, Range#minmax.
Returns a 2-element array containing the minimum and maximum value in self, either according to comparison method <=> or a given block.
With no block given, returns the minimum and maximum values, using <=> for comparison:
(1..4).minmax # => [1, 4] (1...4).minmax # => [1, 3] ('a'..'d').minmax # => ["a", "d"] (-4..-1).minmax # => [-4, -1]
With a block given, the block must return an integer:
Negative if a is smaller than b.
Zero if a and b are equal.
Positive if a is larger than b.
The block is called self.size times to compare elements; returns a 2-element Array containing the minimum and maximum values from self, per the block:
(1..4).minmax {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [4, 1]
Returns [nil, nil] if:
The begin value of the range is larger than the end value:
(4..1).minmax # => [nil, nil] (4..1).minmax {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [nil, nil]
The begin value of an exclusive range is equal to the end value:
(1...1).minmax # => [nil, nil] (1...1).minmax {|a, b| -(a <=> b) } # => [nil, nil]
Raises an exception if self is a beginless or an endless range.
Returns a string representation of self, including begin.inspect and end.inspect:
(1..4).inspect # => "1..4" (1...4).inspect # => "1...4" (1..).inspect # => "1.." (..4).inspect # => "..4"
Note that returns from to_s and inspect may differ:
('a'..'d').to_s # => "a..d" ('a'..'d').inspect # => "\"a\"..\"d\""
Related: Range#to_s.
Returns true if object is an element of self, false otherwise:
(1..4).include?(2) # => true (1..4).include?(5) # => false (1..4).include?(4) # => true (1...4).include?(4) # => false ('a'..'d').include?('b') # => true ('a'..'d').include?('e') # => false ('a'..'d').include?('B') # => false ('a'..'d').include?('d') # => true ('a'...'d').include?('d') # => false
If begin and end are numeric, include? behaves like cover?
(1..3).include?(1.5) # => true (1..3).cover?(1.5) # => true
But when not numeric, the two methods may differ:
('a'..'d').include?('cc') # => false ('a'..'d').cover?('cc') # => true
Related: Range#cover?.
Returns the denominator (always positive).
Rational(7).denominator #=> 1 Rational(7, 1).denominator #=> 1 Rational(9, -4).denominator #=> 4 Rational(-2, -10).denominator #=> 5
Returns rat truncated (toward zero) to a precision of ndigits decimal digits (default: 0).
When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer with at least ndigits.abs trailing zeros.
Returns a rational when ndigits is positive, otherwise returns an integer.
Rational(3).truncate #=> 3 Rational(2, 3).truncate #=> 0 Rational(-3, 2).truncate #=> -1 # decimal - 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 # ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ # precision -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Rational('-123.456').truncate(+1).to_f #=> -123.4 Rational('-123.456').truncate(-1) #=> -120
Returns the value as a string for inspection.
Rational(2).inspect #=> "(2/1)" Rational(-8, 6).inspect #=> "(-4/3)" Rational('1/2').inspect #=> "(1/2)"
Returns a nicely-formatted string representation of self:
/ab+c/ix.inspect # => "/ab+c/ix"
Related: Regexp#to_s.
Returns true if the set and the given enumerable have no element in common. This method is the opposite of intersect?.
Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[3, 4] #=> false Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? Set[4, 5] #=> true Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? [3, 4] #=> false Set[1, 2, 3].disjoint? 4..5 #=> true
Returns true if the set contains the given object:
Set[1, 2, 3].include? 2 #=> true Set[1, 2, 3].include? 4 #=> false
Note that include? and member? do not test member equality using == as do other Enumerables.
This is aliased to ===, so it is usable in case expressions:
case :apple when Set[:potato, :carrot] "vegetable" when Set[:apple, :banana] "fruit" end # => "fruit"
See also Enumerable#include?
Returns a new string containing the set entries:
s = Set.new s.inspect # => "#<Set: {}>" s.add(1) s.inspect # => "#<Set: {1}>" s.add(2) s.inspect # => "#<Set: {1, 2}>"
Related: see Methods for Converting.
Returns true if the set and the given enumerable have at least one element in common.
Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[4, 5] #=> false Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? Set[3, 4] #=> true Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? 4..5 #=> false Set[1, 2, 3].intersect? [3, 4] #=> true
Returns a string created by converting each element of the set to a string.
Deletes every element that appears in the given enumerable object and returns self.
Returns a new set containing elements common to the set and the given enumerable object.
Set[1, 3, 5] & Set[3, 2, 1] #=> #<Set: {3, 1}> Set['a', 'b', 'z'] & ['a', 'b', 'c'] #=> #<Set: {"a", "b"}>
Returns the number of elements.
Returns a string representation of self:
Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address, :zip) # => Customer joe = Customer.new("Joe Smith", "123 Maple, Anytown NC", 12345) joe.inspect # => "#<struct Customer name=\"Joe Smith\", address=\"123 Maple, Anytown NC\", zip=12345>"