Changes the encoding of self to encoding, which may be a string encoding name or an Encoding object; returns self:
s = 'łał' s.bytes # => [197, 130, 97, 197, 130] s.encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8> s.force_encoding('ascii') # => "\xC5\x82a\xC5\x82" s.encoding # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
Does not change the underlying bytes:
s.bytes # => [197, 130, 97, 197, 130]
Makes the change even if the given encoding is invalid for self (as is the change above):
s.valid_encoding? # => false s.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) # => "łał" s.valid_encoding? # => true
Returns true if self is encoded correctly, false otherwise:
"\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding? # => true "\xc2".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding? # => false "\x80".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding? # => false
Returns a copy of self with Unicode normalization applied.
Argument form must be one of the following symbols (see Unicode normalization forms):
:nfc: Canonical decomposition, followed by canonical composition.
:nfd: Canonical decomposition.
:nfkc: Compatibility decomposition, followed by canonical composition.
:nfkd: Compatibility decomposition.
The encoding of self must be one of:
Encoding::UTF_8
Encoding::UTF_16BE
Encoding::UTF_16LE
Encoding::UTF_32BE
Encoding::UTF_32LE
Encoding::GB18030
Encoding::UCS_2BE
Encoding::UCS_4BE
Examples:
"a\u0300".unicode_normalize # => "a" "\u00E0".unicode_normalize(:nfd) # => "a "
Related: String#unicode_normalize!, String#unicode_normalized?.
Like String#unicode_normalize, except that the normalization is performed on self.
Related String#unicode_normalized?.
Returns true if self is in the given form of Unicode normalization, false otherwise. The form must be one of :nfc, :nfd, :nfkc, or :nfkd.
Examples:
"a\u0300".unicode_normalized? # => false "a\u0300".unicode_normalized?(:nfd) # => true "\u00E0".unicode_normalized? # => true "\u00E0".unicode_normalized?(:nfd) # => false
Raises an exception if self is not in a Unicode encoding:
s = "\xE0".force_encoding('ISO-8859-1') s.unicode_normalized? # Raises Encoding::CompatibilityError.
Related: String#unicode_normalize, String#unicode_normalize!.
Returns whether ASCII-compatible or not.
Encoding::UTF_8.ascii_compatible? #=> true Encoding::UTF_16BE.ascii_compatible? #=> false
Returns the singleton class of obj. This method creates a new singleton class if obj does not have one.
If obj is nil, true, or false, it returns NilClass, TrueClass, or FalseClass, respectively. If obj is an Integer, a Float or a Symbol, it raises a TypeError.
Object.new.singleton_class #=> #<Class:#<Object:0xb7ce1e24>> String.singleton_class #=> #<Class:String> nil.singleton_class #=> NilClass
Returns the list of protected methods accessible to obj. If the all parameter is set to false, only those methods in the receiver will be listed.
Returns an array of instance variable names for the receiver. Note that simply defining an accessor does not create the corresponding instance variable.
class Fred attr_accessor :a1 def initialize @iv = 3 end end Fred.new.instance_variables #=> [:@iv]
Returns an enhanced message string:
Includes the exception class name.
If the value of keyword highlight is true (not nil or false), includes bolding ANSI codes (see below) to enhance the appearance of the message.
Includes the backtrace:
If the value of keyword order is :top (the default), lists the error message and the innermost backtrace entry first.
If the value of keyword order is :bottom, lists the error message the the innermost entry last.
Example:
def baz begin 1 / 0 rescue => x pp x.message pp x.full_message(highlight: false).split("\n") pp x.full_message.split("\n") end end def bar; baz; end def foo; bar; end foo
Output:
"divided by 0" ["t.rb:3:in `/': divided by 0 (ZeroDivisionError)", "\tfrom t.rb:3:in `baz'", "\tfrom t.rb:10:in `bar'", "\tfrom t.rb:11:in `foo'", "\tfrom t.rb:12:in `<main>'"] ["t.rb:3:in `/': \e[1mdivided by 0 (\e[1;4mZeroDivisionError\e[m\e[1m)\e[m", "\tfrom t.rb:3:in `baz'", "\tfrom t.rb:10:in `bar'", "\tfrom t.rb:11:in `foo'", "\tfrom t.rb:12:in `<main>'"]
An overrriding method should be careful with ANSI code enhancements; see backtrace.
Equivalent to >> with argument n.
Equivalent to << with argument n.
Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the stream, or nil if the stream is in write mode and no encoding is specified.
See Encodings.
Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the internal string, if conversion is specified, or nil otherwise.
See Encodings.
See Encodings.
Argument ext_enc, if given, must be an Encoding object or a String with the encoding name; it is assigned as the encoding for the stream.
Argument int_enc, if given, must be an Encoding object or a String with the encoding name; it is assigned as the encoding for the internal string.
Argument 'ext_enc:int_enc', if given, is a string containing two colon-separated encoding names; corresponding Encoding objects are assigned as the external and internal encodings for the stream.
If the external encoding of a string is binary/ASCII-8BIT, the internal encoding of the string is set to nil, since no transcoding is needed.
Optional keyword arguments enc_opts specify Encoding options.
Returns false if self is applicable to a string with any ASCII-compatible encoding; otherwise returns true:
r = /a/ # => /a/ r.fixed_encoding? # => false r.match?("\u{6666} a") # => true r.match?("\xa1\xa2 a".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # => true r.match?("abc".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # => true r = /a/u # => /a/ r.fixed_encoding? # => true r.match?("\u{6666} a") # => true r.match?("\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # Raises exception. r.match?("abc".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # => true r = /\u{6666}/ # => /\u{6666}/ r.fixed_encoding? # => true r.encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8> r.match?("\u{6666} a") # => true r.match?("\xa1\xa2".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # Raises exception. r.match?("abc".force_encoding("euc-jp")) # => false
Dup internal hash.
Returns true if this class can be used to create an instance from a serialised JSON string. The class has to implement a class method json_create that expects a hash as first parameter. The hash should include the required data.
Returns true for IPv4 multicast address (224.0.0.0/4). It returns false otherwise.
Returns true for IPv6 multicast address (ff00::/8). It returns false otherwise.
Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the file. If the stream is write mode and no encoding is specified, returns nil.