Copies a file entry. See install(1).
Arguments src (a single path or an array of paths) and dest (a single path) should be interpretable as paths;
If the entry at dest does not exist, copies from src to dest:
File.read('src0.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt') File.read('dest0.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If dest is a file entry, copies from src to dest, overwriting:
File.read('src1.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.read('dest1.txt') # => "bbb\n" FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') File.read('dest1.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If dest is a directory entry, copies from src to dest/src, overwriting if necessary:
File.read('src2.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "bbb\n" FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2') File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If src is an array of paths and dest points to a directory, copies each path path in src to dest/path:
File.file?('src3.txt') # => true File.file?('src3.dat') # => true FileUtils.mkdir('dest3') FileUtils.install(['src3.txt', 'src3.dat'], 'dest3') File.file?('dest3/src3.txt') # => true File.file?('dest3/src3.dat') # => true
Keyword arguments:
group: group - changes the group if not nil, using File.chown.
mode: permissions - changes the permissions. using File.chmod.
noop: true - does not copy entries; returns nil.
owner: owner - changes the owner if not nil, using File.chown.
preserve: true - preserve timestamps using File.utime.
verbose: true - prints an equivalent command:
FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true) FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true) FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
Output:
install -c src0.txt dest0.txt install -c src1.txt dest1.txt install -c src2.txt dest2
Related: methods for copying.
Copies a file entry. See install(1).
Arguments src (a single path or an array of paths) and dest (a single path) should be interpretable as paths;
If the entry at dest does not exist, copies from src to dest:
File.read('src0.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt') File.read('dest0.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If dest is a file entry, copies from src to dest, overwriting:
File.read('src1.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.read('dest1.txt') # => "bbb\n" FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') File.read('dest1.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If dest is a directory entry, copies from src to dest/src, overwriting if necessary:
File.read('src2.txt') # => "aaa\n" File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "bbb\n" FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2') File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "aaa\n"
If src is an array of paths and dest points to a directory, copies each path path in src to dest/path:
File.file?('src3.txt') # => true File.file?('src3.dat') # => true FileUtils.mkdir('dest3') FileUtils.install(['src3.txt', 'src3.dat'], 'dest3') File.file?('dest3/src3.txt') # => true File.file?('dest3/src3.dat') # => true
Keyword arguments:
group: group - changes the group if not nil, using File.chown.
mode: permissions - changes the permissions. using File.chmod.
noop: true - does not copy entries; returns nil.
owner: owner - changes the owner if not nil, using File.chown.
preserve: true - preserve timestamps using File.utime.
verbose: true - prints an equivalent command:
FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true) FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true) FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
Output:
install -c src0.txt dest0.txt install -c src1.txt dest1.txt install -c src2.txt dest2
Related: methods for copying.
Returns the singleton instance.
Returns the tangent of x in radians.
Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY).
Range: (-INFINITY, INFINITY).
Examples:
tan(-PI) # => 1.2246467991473532e-16 # -0.0000000000000001 tan(-PI/2) # => -1.633123935319537e+16 # -16331239353195370.0 tan(0.0) # => 0.0 tan(PI/2) # => 1.633123935319537e+16 # 16331239353195370.0 tan(PI) # => -1.2246467991473532e-16 # -0.0000000000000001
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x in radians.
Domain: [-INFINITY, INFINITY].
Range: [-1, 1].
Examples:
tanh(-INFINITY) # => -1.0 tanh(0.0) # => 0.0 tanh(INFINITY) # => 1.0
Waits for all children, returns an array of 2-element arrays; each subarray contains the integer pid and Process::Status status for one of the reaped child processes:
pid0 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13') # => 325470 pid1 = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 14') # => 325495 Process.waitall # => [[325470, #<Process::Status: pid 325470 exit 13>], [325495, #<Process::Status: pid 325495 exit 14>]]
Avoids the potential for a child process to become a zombie process. Process.detach prevents this by setting up a separate Ruby thread whose sole job is to reap the status of the process pid when it terminates.
This method is needed only when the parent process will never wait for the child process.
This example does not reap the second child process; that process appears as a zombie in the process status (ps) output:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13') # => 312691 sleep(1) # Find zombies. system("ps -ho pid,state -p #{pid}")
Output:
312716 Z
This example also does not reap the second child process, but it does detach the process so that it does not become a zombie:
pid = Process.spawn('ruby', '-e', 'exit 13') # => 313213 thread = Process.detach(pid) sleep(1) # => #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f038f48b838 run> system("ps -ho pid,state -p #{pid}") # Finds no zombies.
The waiting thread can return the pid of the detached child process:
thread.join.pid # => 313262
Detaches the current process from its controlling terminal and runs it in the background as system daemon; returns zero.
By default:
Changes the current working directory to the root directory.
Redirects $stdin, $stdout, and $stderr to the null device.
If optional argument nochdir is true, does not change the current working directory.
If optional argument noclose is true, does not redirect $stdin, $stdout, or $stderr.
Foo::Bar, = baz ^^^^^^^^
in foo | bar
@return [Array] specs of default gems that are ‘==` to the given `spec`.