Defines a new Data class.
measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) #=> #<Class:0x00007f70c6868498> measure.new(1, 'km') #=> #<data amount=1, unit="km"> # It you store the new class in the constant, it will # affect #inspect and will be more natural to use: Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) #=> Measure Measure.new(1, 'km') #=> #<data Measure amount=1, unit="km">
Note that member-less Data is acceptable and might be a useful technique for defining several homogeneous data classes, like
class HTTPFetcher Response = Data.define(:body) NotFound = Data.define # ... implementation end
Now, different kinds of responses from HTTPFetcher would have consistent representation:
#<data HTTPFetcher::Response body="<html..."> #<data HTTPFetcher::NotFound>
And are convenient to use in pattern matching:
case fetcher.get(url) in HTTPFetcher::Response(body) # process body variable in HTTPFetcher::NotFound # handle not found case end
Returns a string representation of self:
Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) distance = Measure[10, 'km'] p distance # uses #inspect underneath #<data Measure amount=10, unit="km"> puts distance # uses #to_s underneath, same representation #<data Measure amount=10, unit="km">
Returns the offset (in bytes) of the beginning of the specified match.
When non-negative integer argument n is given, returns the offset of the beginning of the nth match:
m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") # => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8"> m[0] # => "HX1138" m.bytebegin(0) # => 1 m[3] # => "113" m.bytebegin(3) # => 3 m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест') # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с"> m[0] # => "тес" m.bytebegin(0) # => 0 m[3] # => "с" m.bytebegin(3) # => 4
When string or symbol argument name is given, returns the offset of the beginning for the named match:
m = /(?<foo>.)(.)(?<bar>.)/.match("hoge") # => #<MatchData "hog" foo:"h" bar:"g"> m[:foo] # => "h" m.bytebegin('foo') # => 0 m[:bar] # => "g" m.bytebegin(:bar) # => 2
Related: MatchData#byteend, MatchData#byteoffset.
Returns the offset (in characters) of the beginning of the specified match.
When non-negative integer argument n is given, returns the offset of the beginning of the nth match:
m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") # => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8"> m[0] # => "HX1138" m.begin(0) # => 1 m[3] # => "113" m.begin(3) # => 3 m = /(т)(е)(с)/.match('тест') # => #<MatchData "тес" 1:"т" 2:"е" 3:"с"> m[0] # => "тес" m.begin(0) # => 0 m[3] # => "с" m.begin(3) # => 2
When string or symbol argument name is given, returns the offset of the beginning for the named match:
m = /(?<foo>.)(.)(?<bar>.)/.match("hoge") # => #<MatchData "hog" foo:"h" bar:"g"> m[:foo] # => "h" m.begin('foo') # => 0 m[:bar] # => "g" m.begin(:bar) # => 2
Related: MatchData#end, MatchData#offset, MatchData#byteoffset.
Returns the matched substring corresponding to the given argument.
When non-negative argument n is given, returns the matched substring for the nth match:
m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)(\w)?/.match("THX1138.") # => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8" 5:nil> m.match(0) # => "HX1138" m.match(4) # => "8" m.match(5) # => nil
When string or symbol argument name is given, returns the matched substring for the given name:
m = /(?<foo>.)(.)(?<bar>.+)/.match("hoge") # => #<MatchData "hoge" foo:"h" bar:"ge"> m.match('foo') # => "h" m.match(:bar) # => "ge"
Returns a string representation of self:
m = /.$/.match("foo") # => #<MatchData "o"> m.inspect # => "#<MatchData \"o\">" m = /(.)(.)(.)/.match("foo") # => #<MatchData "foo" 1:"f" 2:"o" 3:"o"> m.inspect # => "#<MatchData \"foo\" 1:\"f\" 2:\"o\ m = /(.)(.)?(.)/.match("fo") # => #<MatchData "fo" 1:"f" 2:nil 3:"o"> m.inspect # => "#<MatchData \"fo\" 1:\"f\" 2:nil 3:\"o\">"
Related: MatchData#to_s.
Returns the target string if it was frozen; otherwise, returns a frozen copy of the target string:
m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") # => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8"> m.string # => "THX1138."
This is a convenience method which is same as follows:
begin q = PrettyPrint.new(output, maxwidth, newline, &genspace) ... q.flush output end
Unlinks (deletes) the file from the filesystem. One should always unlink the file after using it, as is explained in the “Explicit close” good practice section in the Tempfile overview:
file = Tempfile.new('foo') begin # ...do something with file... ensure file.close file.unlink # deletes the temp file end
On POSIX systems it’s possible to unlink a file before closing it. This practice is explained in detail in the Tempfile overview (section “Unlink after creation”); please refer there for more information.
However, unlink-before-close may not be supported on non-POSIX operating systems. Microsoft Windows is the most notable case: unlinking a non-closed file will result in an error, which this method will silently ignore. If you want to practice unlink-before-close whenever possible, then you should write code like this:
file = Tempfile.new('foo') file.unlink # On Windows this silently fails. begin # ... do something with file ... ensure file.close! # Closes the file handle. If the file wasn't unlinked # because #unlink failed, then this method will attempt # to do so again. end
The string representation of false is “false”.
Returns the unique identifier for this proc, along with an indication of where the proc was defined.
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>" (1..3).method(:map).inspect #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"
In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (Enumerable module, which is included into Range).
inspect also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.
require 'net/http' Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect #=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"
... in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).
For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of * (any number of arguments) or _ (some positional argument).
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>" "cat".method(:+).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
Dissociates meth from its current receiver. The resulting UnboundMethod can subsequently be bound to a new object of the same class (see UnboundMethod).
Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>" (1..3).method(:map).inspect #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"
In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (Enumerable module, which is included into Range).
inspect also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.
require 'net/http' Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect #=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"
... in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).
For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of * (any number of arguments) or _ (some positional argument).
"cat".method(:count).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>" "cat".method(:+).inspect #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""
Bind umeth to obj. If Klass was the class from which umeth was obtained, obj.kind_of?(Klass) must be true.
class A def test puts "In test, class = #{self.class}" end end class B < A end class C < B end um = B.instance_method(:test) bm = um.bind(C.new) bm.call bm = um.bind(B.new) bm.call bm = um.bind(A.new) bm.call
produces:
In test, class = C In test, class = B prog.rb:16:in `bind': bind argument must be an instance of B (TypeError) from prog.rb:16
The calling thread will suspend execution and run this thr.
Does not return until thr exits or until the given limit seconds have passed.
If the time limit expires, nil will be returned, otherwise thr is returned.
Any threads not joined will be killed when the main program exits.
If thr had previously raised an exception and the ::abort_on_exception or $DEBUG flags are not set, (so the exception has not yet been processed), it will be processed at this time.
a = Thread.new { print "a"; sleep(10); print "b"; print "c" } x = Thread.new { print "x"; Thread.pass; print "y"; print "z" } x.join # Let thread x finish, thread a will be killed on exit. #=> "axyz"
The following example illustrates the limit parameter.
y = Thread.new { 4.times { sleep 0.1; puts 'tick... ' }} puts "Waiting" until y.join(0.15)
This will produce:
tick... Waiting tick... Waiting tick... tick...
Dump the name, id, and status of thr to a string.
Returns a string containing a human-readable TracePoint status.
Returns the line number of the event.
Equivalent to:
io.write(sprintf(format_string, *objects))
For details on format_string, see Format Specifications.
With the single argument format_string, formats objects into the string, then writes the formatted string to $stdout:
printf('%4.4d %10s %2.2f', 24, 24, 24.0)
Output (on $stdout):
0024 24 24.00#
With arguments io and format_string, formats objects into the string, then writes the formatted string to io:
printf($stderr, '%4.4d %10s %2.2f', 24, 24, 24.0)
Output (on $stderr):
0024 24 24.00# => nil
With no arguments, does nothing.
Equivalent to $stdout.print(*objects), this method is the straightforward way to write to $stdout.
Writes the given objects to $stdout; returns nil. Appends the output record separator $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR $\), if it is not nil.
With argument objects given, for each object:
Converts via its method to_s if not a string.
Writes to stdout.
If not the last object, writes the output field separator $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR ($, if it is not nil.
With default separators:
objects = [0, 0.0, Rational(0, 1), Complex(0, 0), :zero, 'zero'] $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR print(*objects)
Output:
nil nil 00.00/10+0izerozero
With specified separators:
$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR = "\n" $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR = ',' print(*objects)
Output:
0,0.0,0/1,0+0i,zero,zero
With no argument given, writes the content of $_ (which is usually the most recent user input):
gets # Sets $_ to the most recent user input. print # Prints $_.
Equivalent to method Kernel#gets, except that it raises an exception if called at end-of-stream:
$ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines; readline" ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"] in `readline': end of file reached (EOFError)
Optional keyword argument chomp specifies whether line separators are to be omitted.
Returns an array containing the lines returned by calling Kernel#gets until the end-of-stream is reached; (see Line IO).
With only string argument sep given, returns the remaining lines as determined by line separator sep, or nil if none; see Line Separator:
# Default separator. $ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines" ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"] # Specified separator. $ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines 'li'" ["First li", "ne\nSecond li", "ne\n\nFourth li", "ne\nFifth li", "ne\n"] # Get-all separator. $ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines nil" ["First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"] # Get-paragraph separator. $ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines ''" ["First line\nSecond line\n\n", "Fourth line\nFifth line\n"]
With only integer argument limit given, limits the number of bytes in the line; see Line Limit:
$cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines 10" ["First line", "\n", "Second lin", "e\n", "\n", "Fourth lin", "e\n", "Fifth line", "\n"] $cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines 11" ["First line\n", "Second line", "\n", "\n", "Fourth line", "\n", "Fifth line\n"] $cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines 12" ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"]
With arguments sep and limit given, combines the two behaviors (see Line Separator and Line Limit).
Optional keyword argument chomp specifies whether line separators are to be omitted:
$ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines(chomp: true)" ["First line", "Second line", "", "Fourth line", "Fifth line"]
Optional keyword arguments enc_opts specify encoding options; see Encoding options.