Results for: "fnmatch"

TracePoint::stat

Returns internal information of TracePoint.

The contents of the returned value are implementation specific. It may be changed in future.

This method is only for debugging TracePoint itself.

Kernel#BigDecimal

Returns the BigDecimal converted from value with a precision of ndigits decimal digits.

When ndigits is less than the number of significant digits in the value, the result is rounded to that number of digits, according to the current rounding mode; see BigDecimal.mode.

When ndigits is 0, the number of digits to correctly represent a float number is determined automatically.

Returns value converted to a BigDecimal, depending on the type of value:

Integer, Float, Rational, Complex, or BigDecimal: converted directly:

# Integer, Complex, or BigDecimal value does not require ndigits; ignored if given.
BigDecimal(2)                     # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal(Complex(2, 0))         # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal(BigDecimal(2))         # => 0.2e1
# Float or Rational value requires ndigits.
BigDecimal(2.0, 0)                # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal(Rational(2, 1), 0)     # => 0.2e1

String: converted by parsing if it contains an integer or floating-point literal; leading and trailing whitespace is ignored:

# String does not require ndigits; ignored if given.
BigDecimal('2')     # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal('2.0')   # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal('0.2e1') # => 0.2e1
BigDecimal(' 2.0 ') # => 0.2e1

Other type that responds to method :to_str: first converted to a string, then converted to a BigDecimal, as above.
Other type:
- Raises an exception if keyword argument exception is true.
- Returns nil if keyword argument exception is false.

Raises an exception if value evaluates to a Float and digits is larger than Float::DIG + 1.

Kernel#Pathname

Creates a new Pathname object from the given string, path, and returns pathname object.

In order to use this constructor, you must first require the Pathname standard library extension.

require 'pathname'
Pathname("/home/zzak")
#=> #<Pathname:/home/zzak>

See also Pathname::new for more information.

Kernel#putc

Equivalent to:

$stdout.putc(int)

See IO#putc for important information regarding multi-byte characters.

Returns arg converted to a float. Numeric types are converted directly, and with exception to String and nil the rest are converted using arg.to_f. Converting a String with invalid characters will result in a ArgumentError. Converting nil generates a TypeError. Exceptions can be suppressed by passing exception: false.

Float(1)                 #=> 1.0
Float("123.456")         #=> 123.456
Float("123.0_badstring") #=> ArgumentError: invalid value for Float(): "123.0_badstring"
Float(nil)               #=> TypeError: can't convert nil into Float
Float("123.0_badstring", exception: false)  #=> nil

Kernel#Rational

Returns x/y or arg as a Rational.

Rational(2, 3)   #=> (2/3)
Rational(5)      #=> (5/1)
Rational(0.5)    #=> (1/2)
Rational(0.3)    #=> (5404319552844595/18014398509481984)

Rational("2/3")  #=> (2/3)
Rational("0.3")  #=> (3/10)

Rational("10 cents")  #=> ArgumentError
Rational(nil)         #=> TypeError
Rational(1, nil)      #=> TypeError

Rational("10 cents", exception: false)  #=> nil

Syntax of the string form:

string form = extra spaces , rational , extra spaces ;
rational = [ sign ] , unsigned rational ;
unsigned rational = numerator | numerator , "/" , denominator ;
numerator = integer part | fractional part | integer part , fractional part ;
denominator = digits ;
integer part = digits ;
fractional part = "." , digits , [ ( "e" | "E" ) , [ sign ] , digits ] ;
sign = "-" | "+" ;
digits = digit , { digit | "_" , digit } ;
digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" ;
extra spaces = ? \s* ? ;

Kernel#chop

Equivalent to ($_.dup).chop!, except nil is never returned. See String#chop!. Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.

Kernel#chomp

Equivalent to $_ = $_.chomp(string). See String#chomp. Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.

Kernel#iterator?

Deprecated. Use block_given? instead.

Enumerable#map

Returns an array of objects returned by the block.

With a block given, calls the block with successive elements; returns an array of the objects returned by the block:

(0..4).map {|i| i*i }                               # => [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
{foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.map {|key, value| value*2} # => [0, 2, 4]

With no block given, returns an Enumerator.

Enumerable#max

Returns the element with the maximum element according to a given criterion. The ordering of equal elements is indeterminate and may be unstable.

With no argument and no block, returns the maximum element, using the elements’ own method <=> for comparison:

(1..4).max                   # => 4
(-4..-1).max                 # => -1
%w[d c b a].max              # => "d"
{foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.max # => [:foo, 0]
[].max                       # => nil

With positive integer argument n given, and no block, returns an array containing the first n maximum elements that exist:

(1..4).max(2)                   # => [4, 3]
(-4..-1).max(2)                # => [-1, -2]
%w[d c b a].max(2)              # => ["d", "c"]
{foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.max(2) # => [[:foo, 0], [:baz, 2]]
[].max(2)                       # => []

With a block given, the block determines the maximum elements. The block is called with two elements a and b, and must return:

A negative integer if a < b.
Zero if a == b.
A positive integer if a > b.

With a block given and no argument, returns the maximum element as determined by the block:

%w[xxx x xxxx xx].max {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => "xxxx"
h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h.max {|pair1, pair2| pair1[1] <=> pair2[1] }     # => [:baz, 2]
[].max {|a, b| a <=> b }                          # => nil

With a block given and positive integer argument n given, returns an array containing the first n maximum elements that exist, as determined by the block.

%w[xxx x xxxx xx].max(2) {|a, b| a.size <=> b.size } # => ["xxxx", "xxx"]
h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h.max(2) {|pair1, pair2| pair1[1] <=> pair2[1] }
# => [[:baz, 2], [:bar, 1]]
[].max(2) {|a, b| a <=> b }                          # => []

Related: min, minmax, max_by.

Enumerable#chunk

Each element in the returned enumerator is a 2-element array consisting of:

A value returned by the block.
An array (“chunk”) containing the element for which that value was returned, and all following elements for which the block returned the same value:

So that:

Each block return value that is different from its predecessor begins a new chunk.
Each block return value that is the same as its predecessor continues the same chunk.

Example:

e = (0..10).chunk {|i| (i / 3).floor } # => #<Enumerator: ...>
# The enumerator elements.
e.next # => [0, [0, 1, 2]]
e.next # => [1, [3, 4, 5]]
e.next # => [2, [6, 7, 8]]
e.next # => [3, [9, 10]]

Method chunk is especially useful for an enumerable that is already sorted. This example counts words for each initial letter in a large array of words:

# Get sorted words from a web page.
url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eneko/data-repository/master/data/words.txt'
words = URI::open(url).readlines
# Make chunks, one for each letter.
e = words.chunk {|word| word.upcase[0] } # => #<Enumerator: ...>
# Display 'A' through 'F'.
e.each {|c, words| p [c, words.length]; break if c == 'F' }

Output:

["A", 17096]
["B", 11070]
["C", 19901]
["D", 10896]
["E", 8736]
["F", 6860]

You can use the special symbol :_alone to force an element into its own separate chuck:

a = [0, 0, 1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i.even? ? :_alone : true }
e.to_a # => [[:_alone, [0]], [:_alone, [0]], [true, [1, 1]]]

For example, you can put each line that contains a URL into its own chunk:

pattern = /http/
open(filename) { |f|
  f.chunk { |line| line =~ pattern ? :_alone : true }.each { |key, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}

You can use the special symbol :_separator or nil to force an element to be ignored (not included in any chunk):

a = [0, 0, -1, 1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i < 0 ? :_separator : true }
e.to_a # => [[true, [0, 0]], [true, [1, 1]]]

Note that the separator does end the chunk:

a = [0, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i < 0 ? :_separator : true }
e.to_a # => [[true, [0, 0]], [true, [1]], [true, [1]]]

For example, the sequence of hyphens in svn log can be eliminated as follows:

sep = "-"*72 + "\n"
IO.popen("svn log README") { |f|
  f.chunk { |line|
    line != sep || nil
  }.each { |_, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}
#=> ["r20018 | knu | 2008-10-29 13:20:42 +0900 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Update the portability section.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ["r16725 | knu | 2008-05-31 23:34:23 +0900 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Add a note about default C flags.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ...

Paragraphs separated by empty lines can be parsed as follows:

File.foreach("README").chunk { |line|
  /\A\s*\z/ !~ line || nil
}.each { |_, lines|
  pp lines
}

Enumerable#chain

Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and given enumerables.

e = (1..3).chain([4, 5])
e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

BigMath#atan

Computes the arctangent of decimal to the specified number of digits of precision, numeric.

If decimal is NaN, returns NaN.

BigMath.atan(BigDecimal('-1'), 16).to_s
#=> "-0.785398163397448309615660845819878471907514682065e0"

Coverage::state

Returns the state of the coverage measurement.

Fiddle::malloc

Allocate size bytes of memory and return the integer memory address for the allocated memory.

JSON#generate

Returns a String containing the generated JSON data.

Argument obj is the Ruby object to be converted to JSON.

Argument opts, if given, contains a Hash of options for the generation. See Generating Options.

When obj is an Array, returns a String containing a JSON array:

obj = ["foo", 1.0, true, false, nil]
json = JSON.generate(obj)
json # => '["foo",1.0,true,false,null]'

When obj is a Hash, returns a String containing a JSON object:

obj = {foo: 0, bar: 's', baz: :bat}
json = JSON.generate(obj)
json # => '{"foo":0,"bar":"s","baz":"bat"}'

For examples of generating from other Ruby objects, see Generating JSON from Other Objects.

Raises an exception if any formatting option is not a String.

Raises an exception if obj contains circular references:

a = []; b = []; a.push(b); b.push(a)
# Raises JSON::NestingError (nesting of 100 is too deep):
JSON.generate(a)

MonitorMixin#synchronize

No documentation available

Syslog::mask

Returns the log priority mask in effect. The mask is not reset by opening or closing syslog.

Syslog::mask=

Sets the log priority mask. A method LOG_UPTO is defined to make it easier to set mask values. Example:

Syslog.mask = Syslog::LOG_UPTO(Syslog::LOG_ERR)

Alternatively, specific priorities can be selected and added together using binary OR. Example:

Syslog.mask = Syslog::LOG_MASK(Syslog::LOG_ERR) | Syslog::LOG_MASK(Syslog::LOG_CRIT)

The priority mask persists through calls to open() and close().

Zlib::deflate

Compresses the given string. Valid values of level are Zlib::NO_COMPRESSION, Zlib::BEST_SPEED, Zlib::BEST_COMPRESSION, Zlib::DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, or an integer from 0 to 9.

This method is almost equivalent to the following code:

def deflate(string, level)
  z = Zlib::Deflate.new(level)
  dst = z.deflate(string, Zlib::FINISH)
  z.close
  dst
end

Zlib::inflate

Decompresses string. Raises a Zlib::NeedDict exception if a preset dictionary is needed for decompression.