Results for: "Array.new"

Warning

The Warning module contains a single method named warn, and the module extends itself, making Warning.warn available. Warning.warn is called for all warnings issued by Ruby. By default, warnings are printed to $stderr.

Changing the behavior of Warning.warn is useful to customize how warnings are handled by Ruby, for instance by filtering some warnings, and/or outputting warnings somewhere other than $stderr.

If you want to change the behavior of Warning.warn you should use Warning.extend(MyNewModuleWithWarnMethod) and you can use super to get the default behavior of printing the warning to $stderr.

Example:

module MyWarningFilter
  def warn(message, category: nil, **kwargs)
    if /some warning I want to ignore/.match?(message)
      # ignore
    else
      super
    end
  end
end
Warning.extend MyWarningFilter

You should never redefine Warning#warn (the instance method), as that will then no longer provide a way to use the default behavior.

The warning gem provides convenient ways to customize Warning.warn.

Coverage

Coverage provides coverage measurement feature for Ruby. This feature is experimental, so these APIs may be changed in future.

Caveat: Currently, only process-global coverage measurement is supported. You cannot measure per-thread coverage.

Usage

  1. require “coverage”

  2. do Coverage.start

  3. require or load Ruby source file

  4. Coverage.result will return a hash that contains filename as key and coverage array as value. A coverage array gives, for each line, the number of line execution by the interpreter. A nil value means coverage is disabled for this line (lines like else and end).

Examples 

[foo.rb]
s = 0
10.times do |x|
  s += x
end

if s == 45
  p :ok
else
  p :ng
end
[EOF]

require "coverage"
Coverage.start
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result  #=> {"foo.rb"=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}

Lines Coverage

If a coverage mode is not explicitly specified when starting coverage, lines coverage is what will run. It reports the number of line executions for each line.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(lines: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil]}}

The value of the lines coverage result is an array containing how many times each line was executed. Order in this array is important. For example, the first item in this array, at index 0, reports how many times line 1 of this file was executed while coverage was run (which, in this example, is one time).

A nil value means coverage is disabled for this line (lines like else and end).

Oneshot Lines Coverage

Oneshot lines coverage tracks and reports on the executed lines while coverage is running. It will not report how many times a line was executed, only that it was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(oneshot_lines: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:oneshot_lines=>[1, 2, 3, 6, 7]}}

The value of the oneshot lines coverage result is an array containing the line numbers that were executed.

Branches Coverage

Branches coverage reports how many times each branch within each conditional was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(branches: true)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}}}

Each entry within the branches hash is a conditional, the value of which is another hash where each entry is a branch in that conditional. The values are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are identifying information about the branch.

The information that makes up each key identifying branches or conditionals is the following, from left to right:

  1. A label for the type of branch or conditional.

  2. A unique identifier.

  3. The starting line number it appears on in the file.

  4. The starting column number it appears on in the file.

  5. The ending line number it appears on in the file.

  6. The ending column number it appears on in the file.

Methods Coverage

Methods coverage reports how many times each method was executed.

[foo_method.rb]
class Greeter
  def greet
    "welcome!"
  end
end

def hello
  "Hi"
end

hello()
Greeter.new.greet()
[EOF]

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(methods: true)
require "foo_method.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo_method.rb"=>{:methods=>{[Object, :hello, 7, 0, 9, 3]=>1, [Greeter, :greet, 2, 2, 4, 5]=>1}}}

Each entry within the methods hash represents a method. The values in this hash are the number of times the method was executed, and the keys are identifying information about the method.

The information that makes up each key identifying a method is the following, from left to right:

  1. The class.

  2. The method name.

  3. The starting line number the method appears on in the file.

  4. The starting column number the method appears on in the file.

  5. The ending line number the method appears on in the file.

  6. The ending column number the method appears on in the file.

All Coverage Modes

You can also run all modes of coverage simultaneously with this shortcut. Note that running all coverage modes does not run both lines and oneshot lines. Those modes cannot be run simultaneously. Lines coverage is run in this case, because you can still use it to determine whether or not a line was executed.

require "coverage"
Coverage.start(:all)
require "foo.rb"
p Coverage.result #=> {"foo.rb"=>{:lines=>[1, 1, 10, nil, nil, 1, 1, nil, 0, nil], :branches=>{[:if, 0, 6, 0, 10, 3]=>{[:then, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7]=>1, [:else, 2, 9, 2, 9, 7]=>0}}, :methods=>{}}}

Benchmark

The Benchmark module provides methods to measure and report the time used to execute Ruby code.

The result:

              user     system      total        real
for:      1.010000   0.000000   1.010000 (  1.015688)
times:    1.000000   0.000000   1.000000 (  1.003611)
upto:     1.030000   0.000000   1.030000 (  1.028098)

ErrorHighlight

No documentation available

Forwardable

The Forwardable module provides delegation of specified methods to a designated object, using the methods def_delegator and def_delegators.

For example, say you have a class RecordCollection which contains an array @records. You could provide the lookup method record_number(), which simply calls [] on the @records array, like this:

require 'forwardable'

class RecordCollection
  attr_accessor :records
  extend Forwardable
  def_delegator :@records, :[], :record_number
end

We can use the lookup method like so:

r = RecordCollection.new
r.records = [4,5,6]
r.record_number(0)  # => 4

Further, if you wish to provide the methods size, <<, and map, all of which delegate to @records, this is how you can do it:

class RecordCollection # re-open RecordCollection class
  def_delegators :@records, :size, :<<, :map
end

r = RecordCollection.new
r.records = [1,2,3]
r.record_number(0)   # => 1
r.size               # => 3
r << 4               # => [1, 2, 3, 4]
r.map { |x| x * 2 }  # => [2, 4, 6, 8]

You can even extend regular objects with Forwardable.

my_hash = Hash.new
my_hash.extend Forwardable              # prepare object for delegation
my_hash.def_delegator "STDOUT", "puts"  # add delegation for STDOUT.puts()
my_hash.puts "Howdy!"

Another example

You could use Forwardable as an alternative to inheritance, when you don’t want to inherit all methods from the superclass. For instance, here is how you might add a range of Array instance methods to a new class Queue:

class Queue
  extend Forwardable

  def initialize
    @q = [ ]    # prepare delegate object
  end

  # setup preferred interface, enq() and deq()...
  def_delegator :@q, :push, :enq
  def_delegator :@q, :shift, :deq

  # support some general Array methods that fit Queues well
  def_delegators :@q, :clear, :first, :push, :shift, :size
end

q = Thread::Queue.new
q.enq 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
q.push 6

q.shift    # => 1
while q.size > 0
  puts q.deq
end

q.enq "Ruby", "Perl", "Python"
puts q.first
q.clear
puts q.first

This should output:

2
3
4
5
6
Ruby
nil

Notes

Be advised, RDoc will not detect delegated methods.

forwardable.rb provides single-method delegation via the def_delegator and def_delegators methods. For full-class delegation via DelegateClass, see delegate.rb.

SingleForwardable

SingleForwardable can be used to setup delegation at the object level as well.

printer = String.new
printer.extend SingleForwardable        # prepare object for delegation
printer.def_delegator "STDOUT", "puts"  # add delegation for STDOUT.puts()
printer.puts "Howdy!"

Also, SingleForwardable can be used to set up delegation for a Class or Module.

class Implementation
  def self.service
    puts "serviced!"
  end
end

module Facade
  extend SingleForwardable
  def_delegator :Implementation, :service
end

Facade.service #=> serviced!

If you want to use both Forwardable and SingleForwardable, you can use methods def_instance_delegator and def_single_delegator, etc.

Net

No documentation available

Rake

No documentation available

Reline

No documentation available

Readline

No documentation available

SecureRandom

Secure random number generator interface.

This library is an interface to secure random number generators which are suitable for generating session keys in HTTP cookies, etc.

You can use this library in your application by requiring it:

require 'securerandom'

It supports the following secure random number generators:

SecureRandom is extended by the Random::Formatter module which defines the following methods:

These methods are usable as class methods of SecureRandom such as SecureRandom.hex.

If a secure random number generator is not available, NotImplementedError is raised.

Marshal

The marshaling library converts collections of Ruby objects into a byte stream, allowing them to be stored outside the currently active script. This data may subsequently be read and the original objects reconstituted.

Marshaled data has major and minor version numbers stored along with the object information. In normal use, marshaling can only load data written with the same major version number and an equal or lower minor version number. If Ruby’s “verbose” flag is set (normally using -d, -v, -w, or –verbose) the major and minor numbers must match exactly. Marshal versioning is independent of Ruby’s version numbers. You can extract the version by reading the first two bytes of marshaled data.

str = Marshal.dump("thing")
RUBY_VERSION   #=> "1.9.0"
str[0].ord     #=> 4
str[1].ord     #=> 8

Some objects cannot be dumped: if the objects to be dumped include bindings, procedure or method objects, instances of class IO, or singleton objects, a TypeError will be raised.

If your class has special serialization needs (for example, if you want to serialize in some specific format), or if it contains objects that would otherwise not be serializable, you can implement your own serialization strategy.

There are two methods of doing this, your object can define either marshal_dump and marshal_load or _dump and _load. marshal_dump will take precedence over _dump if both are defined. marshal_dump may result in smaller Marshal strings.

Security considerations

By design, Marshal.load can deserialize almost any class loaded into the Ruby process. In many cases this can lead to remote code execution if the Marshal data is loaded from an untrusted source.

As a result, Marshal.load is not suitable as a general purpose serialization format and you should never unmarshal user supplied input or other untrusted data.

If you need to deserialize untrusted data, use JSON or another serialization format that is only able to load simple, ‘primitive’ types such as String, Array, Hash, etc. Never allow user input to specify arbitrary types to deserialize into.

marshal_dump and marshal_load

When dumping an object the method marshal_dump will be called. marshal_dump must return a result containing the information necessary for marshal_load to reconstitute the object. The result can be any object.

When loading an object dumped using marshal_dump the object is first allocated then marshal_load is called with the result from marshal_dump. marshal_load must recreate the object from the information in the result.

Example:

class MyObj
  def initialize name, version, data
    @name    = name
    @version = version
    @data    = data
  end

  def marshal_dump
    [@name, @version]
  end

  def marshal_load array
    @name, @version = array
  end
end

_dump and _load

Use _dump and _load when you need to allocate the object you’re restoring yourself.

When dumping an object the instance method _dump is called with an Integer which indicates the maximum depth of objects to dump (a value of -1 implies that you should disable depth checking). _dump must return a String containing the information necessary to reconstitute the object.

The class method _load should take a String and use it to return an object of the same class.

Example:

class MyObj
  def initialize name, version, data
    @name    = name
    @version = version
    @data    = data
  end

  def _dump level
    [@name, @version].join ':'
  end

  def self._load args
    new(*args.split(':'))
  end
end

Since Marshal.dump outputs a string you can have _dump return a Marshal string which is Marshal.loaded in _load for complex objects.

DRb::DRbObject::new_with

Creates a DRb::DRbObject given the reference information to the remote host uri and object ref.

DRb::DRbObject::new_with

Creates a DRb::DRbObject given the reference information to the remote host uri and object ref.

Gem::SafeMarshal::Visitors::ToRuby#visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Array

No documentation available

Gem::SafeMarshal::Visitors::Visitor#visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Array

No documentation available

Prism::LexCompat::IgnoredNewlineToken

Ignored newlines can occasionally have a LABEL state attached to them, so we compare the state differently here.

Gem::S3URISigner::ConfigurationError

No documentation available

Fiddle::Closure::BlockCaller::new

Description

Construct a new BlockCaller object.

If there is an error in preparing the ffi_cif or ffi_prep_closure, then a RuntimeError will be raised.

Example 

include Fiddle

cb = Closure::BlockCaller.new(TYPE_INT, [TYPE_INT]) do |one|
  one
end

func = Function.new(cb, [TYPE_INT], TYPE_INT)

JSON::Ext::Parser::new

Creates a new JSON::Ext::Parser instance for the string source.

It will be configured by the opts hash. opts can have the following keys:

opts can have the following keys:

OpenSSL::Buffering::Buffer::new

No documentation available

OpenSSL::PKey::DH::new

Creates a new instance of OpenSSL::PKey::DH.

If called without arguments, an empty instance without any parameter or key components is created. Use set_pqg to manually set the parameters afterwards (and optionally set_key to set private and public key components).

If a String is given, tries to parse it as a DER- or PEM- encoded parameters. See also OpenSSL::PKey.read which can parse keys of any kinds.

The DH.new(size [, generator]) form is an alias of DH.generate.

string

A String that contains the DER or PEM encoded key.

size

See DH.generate.

generator

See DH.generate.

Examples:

# Creating an instance from scratch
# Note that this is deprecated and will not work on OpenSSL 3.0 or later.
dh = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new
dh.set_pqg(bn_p, nil, bn_g)

# Generating a parameters and a key pair
dh = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new(2048) # An alias of OpenSSL::PKey::DH.generate(2048)

# Reading DH parameters
dh_params = OpenSSL::PKey::DH.new(File.read('parameters.pem')) # loads parameters only
dh = OpenSSL::PKey.generate_key(dh_params) # generates a key pair

OpenSSL::PKey::DSA::new

Creates a new DSA instance by reading an existing key from string.

If called without arguments, creates a new instance with no key components set. They can be set individually by set_pqg and set_key.

If called with a String, tries to parse as DER or PEM encoding of a DSA key. See also OpenSSL::PKey.read which can parse keys of any kinds.

If called with a number, generates random parameters and a key pair. This form works as an alias of DSA.generate.

string

A String that contains a DER or PEM encoded key.

pass

A String that contains an optional password.

size

See DSA.generate.

Examples:

p OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(1024)
#=> #<OpenSSL::PKey::DSA:0x000055a8d6025bf0 oid=DSA>

p OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(File.read('dsa.pem'))
#=> #<OpenSSL::PKey::DSA:0x000055555d6b8110 oid=DSA>

p OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new(File.read('dsa.pem'), 'mypassword')
#=> #<OpenSSL::PKey::DSA:0x0000556f973c40b8 oid=DSA>

OpenSSL::PKey::EC::new

Creates a new EC object from given arguments.

OpenSSL::PKey::RSA::new

Generates or loads an RSA keypair.

If called without arguments, creates a new instance with no key components set. They can be set individually by set_key, set_factors, and set_crt_params.

If called with a String, tries to parse as DER or PEM encoding of an RSA key. Note that if password is not specified, but the key is encrypted with a password, OpenSSL will prompt for it. See also OpenSSL::PKey.read which can parse keys of any kind.

If called with a number, generates a new key pair. This form works as an alias of RSA.generate.

Examples:

OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048
OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new File.read 'rsa.pem'
OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new File.read('rsa.pem'), 'my password'
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