Results for: "Psych"

Returns an enumerator which iterates over each line (separated by sep, which defaults to your platform’s newline character) of each file in ARGV. If a block is supplied, each line in turn will be yielded to the block, otherwise an enumerator is returned. The optional limit argument is an Integer specifying the maximum length of each line; longer lines will be split according to this limit.

This method allows you to treat the files supplied on the command line as a single file consisting of the concatenation of each named file. After the last line of the first file has been returned, the first line of the second file is returned. The ARGF.filename and ARGF.lineno methods can be used to determine the filename of the current line and line number of the whole input, respectively.

For example, the following code prints out each line of each named file prefixed with its line number, displaying the filename once per file:

ARGF.each_line do |line|
  puts ARGF.filename if ARGF.file.lineno == 1
  puts "#{ARGF.file.lineno}: #{line}"
end

While the following code prints only the first file’s name at first, and the contents with line number counted through all named files.

ARGF.each_line do |line|
  puts ARGF.filename if ARGF.lineno == 1
  puts "#{ARGF.lineno}: #{line}"
end

Reads the next character from ARGF and returns it as a String. Raises an EOFError after the last character of the last file has been read.

For example:

$ echo "foo" > file
$ ruby argf.rb file

ARGF.readchar  #=> "f"
ARGF.readchar  #=> "o"
ARGF.readchar  #=> "o"
ARGF.readchar  #=> "\n"
ARGF.readchar  #=> end of file reached (EOFError)

Calls the block with each row read from source path_or_io.

Path input without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
in_path = 't.csv'
File.write(in_path, string)
CSV.foreach(in_path) {|row| p row }

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

Path input with headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
in_path = 't.csv'
File.write(in_path, string)
CSV.foreach(in_path, headers: true) {|row| p row }

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

IO stream input without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.foreach(in_io) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

IO stream input with headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
File.open('t.csv') do |in_io|
  CSV.foreach(in_io, headers: true) {|row| p row }
end

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

With no block given, returns an Enumerator:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
path = 't.csv'
File.write(path, string)
CSV.foreach(path) # => #<Enumerator: CSV:foreach("t.csv", "r")>

Arguments:

• Argument path_or_io must be a file path or an IO stream.

• Argument mode, if given, must be a File mode See Open Mode.

• Arguments **options must be keyword options. See Options for Parsing.

• This method optionally accepts an additional :encoding option that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data read from path or io. You must provide this unless your data is in the encoding given by Encoding::default_external. Parsing will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example,

  encoding: 'UTF-32BE:UTF-8'

  would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before parsing.

Calls the block with each successive row. The data source must be opened for reading.

Without headers:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

Output:

["foo", "0"]
["bar", "1"]
["baz", "2"]

With headers:

string = "Name,Value\nfoo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string, headers: true)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

Output:

<CSV::Row "Name":"foo" "Value":"0">
<CSV::Row "Name":"bar" "Value":"1">
<CSV::Row "Name":"baz" "Value":"2">

Raises an exception if the source is not opened for reading:

string = "foo,0\nbar,1\nbaz,2\n"
csv = CSV.new(string)
csv.close
# Raises IOError (not opened for reading)
csv.each do |row|
  p row
end

Calls the given block with each option; each option is a 2-element array containing:

• The option name (the name itself, not an alias).

• The option value.

Example:

require 'getoptlong'

options = GetoptLong.new(
  ['--xxx', '-x', GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT],
  ['--yyy', '-y', GetoptLong::OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT],
  ['--zzz', '-z',GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT]
)
puts "Original ARGV: #{ARGV}"
options.each do |option, argument|
  p [option, argument]
end
puts "Remaining ARGV: #{ARGV}"

Command line:

ruby each.rb -xxx Foo -x Bar --yyy Baz -y Bat --zzz

Output:

Original ARGV: ["-xxx", "Foo", "-x", "Bar", "--yyy", "Baz", "-y", "Bat", "--zzz"]
["--xxx", "xx"]
["--xxx", "Bar"]
["--yyy", "Baz"]
["--yyy", "Bat"]
["--zzz", ""]
Remaining ARGV: ["Foo"]

Returns the matched substring corresponding to the given argument.

When non-negative argument n is given, returns the matched substring for the nth match:

m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)(\w)?/.match("THX1138.")
# => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8" 5:nil>
m.match(0) # => "HX1138"
m.match(4) # => "8"
m.match(5) # => nil

When string or symbol argument name is given, returns the matched substring for the given name:

m = /(?<foo>.)(.)(?<bar>.+)/.match("hoge")
# => #<MatchData "hoge" foo:"h" bar:"ge">
m.match('foo') # => "h"
m.match(:bar)  # => "ge"

Like [], except that it accepts a default value for the store. If the key does not exist:

• Raises an exception if default is PStore::Error.

• Returns the value of default otherwise:

  example_store do |store|
    store.transaction do
      store.fetch(:nope, nil) # => nil
      store.fetch(:nope)      # Raises an exception.
    end
  end
  

Raises an exception if called outside a transaction block.

Returns a fiber-local for the given key. If the key can’t be found, there are several options: With no other arguments, it will raise a KeyError exception; if default is given, then that will be returned; if the optional code block is specified, then that will be run and its result returned. See Thread#[] and Hash#fetch.

Invokes Posix system call syscall(2), which calls a specified function.

Calls the operating system function identified by integer_callno; returns the result of the function or raises SystemCallError if it failed. The effect of the call is platform-dependent. The arguments and returned value are platform-dependent.

For each of arguments: if it is an integer, it is passed directly; if it is a string, it is interpreted as a binary sequence of bytes. There may be as many as nine such arguments.

Arguments integer_callno and argument, as well as the returned value, are platform-dependent.

Note: Method syscall is essentially unsafe and unportable. The DL (Fiddle) library is preferred for safer and a bit more portable programming.

Not implemented on all platforms.

Executes command… in a subshell. command… is one of following forms.

This method has potential security vulnerabilities if called with untrusted input; see Command Injection.

commandline

command line string which is passed to the standard shell

cmdname, arg1, ...

command name and one or more arguments (no shell)

[cmdname, argv0], arg1, ...

command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)

system returns true if the command gives zero exit status, false for non zero exit status. Returns nil if command execution fails. An error status is available in $?.

If the exception: true argument is passed, the method raises an exception instead of returning false or nil.

The arguments are processed in the same way as for Kernel#spawn.

The hash arguments, env and options, are same as exec and spawn. See Kernel#spawn for details.

system("echo *")
system("echo", "*")

produces:

config.h main.rb
*

Error handling:

system("cat nonexistent.txt")
# => false
system("catt nonexistent.txt")
# => nil

system("cat nonexistent.txt", exception: true)
# RuntimeError (Command failed with exit 1: cat)
system("catt nonexistent.txt", exception: true)
# Errno::ENOENT (No such file or directory - catt)

See Kernel#exec for the standard shell.

Equivalent to ($_.dup).chop!, except nil is never returned. See String#chop!. Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.

Equivalent to $_ = $_.chomp(string). See String#chomp. Available only when -p/-n command line option specified.

catch executes its block. If throw is not called, the block executes normally, and catch returns the value of the last expression evaluated.

catch(1) { 123 }            # => 123

If throw(tag2, val) is called, Ruby searches up its stack for a catch block whose tag has the same object_id as tag2. When found, the block stops executing and returns val (or nil if no second argument was given to throw).

catch(1) { throw(1, 456) }  # => 456
catch(1) { throw(1) }       # => nil

When tag is passed as the first argument, catch yields it as the parameter of the block.

catch(1) {|x| x + 2 }       # => 3

When no tag is given, catch yields a new unique object (as from Object.new) as the block parameter. This object can then be used as the argument to throw, and will match the correct catch block.

catch do |obj_A|
  catch do |obj_B|
    throw(obj_B, 123)
    puts "This puts is not reached"
  end

  puts "This puts is displayed"
  456
end

# => 456

catch do |obj_A|
  catch do |obj_B|
    throw(obj_A, 123)
    puts "This puts is still not reached"
  end

  puts "Now this puts is also not reached"
  456
end

# => 123

When called with positive integer argument n and a block, calls the block with each element, then does so again, until it has done so n times; returns nil:

a = []
(1..4).cycle(3) {|element| a.push(element) } # => nil
a # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]
a = []
('a'..'d').cycle(2) {|element| a.push(element) }
a # => ["a", "b", "c", "d", "a", "b", "c", "d"]
a = []
{foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.cycle(2) {|element| a.push(element) }
a # => [[:foo, 0], [:bar, 1], [:baz, 2], [:foo, 0], [:bar, 1], [:baz, 2]]

If count is zero or negative, does not call the block.

When called with a block and n is nil, cycles forever.

When no block is given, returns an Enumerator.

Each element in the returned enumerator is a 2-element array consisting of:

• A value returned by the block.

• An array (“chunk”) containing the element for which that value was returned, and all following elements for which the block returned the same value:

So that:

• Each block return value that is different from its predecessor begins a new chunk.

• Each block return value that is the same as its predecessor continues the same chunk.

Example:

e = (0..10).chunk {|i| (i / 3).floor } # => #<Enumerator: ...>
# The enumerator elements.
e.next # => [0, [0, 1, 2]]
e.next # => [1, [3, 4, 5]]
e.next # => [2, [6, 7, 8]]
e.next # => [3, [9, 10]]

Method chunk is especially useful for an enumerable that is already sorted. This example counts words for each initial letter in a large array of words:

# Get sorted words from a web page.
url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eneko/data-repository/master/data/words.txt'
words = URI::open(url).readlines
# Make chunks, one for each letter.
e = words.chunk {|word| word.upcase[0] } # => #<Enumerator: ...>
# Display 'A' through 'F'.
e.each {|c, words| p [c, words.length]; break if c == 'F' }

Output:

["A", 17096]
["B", 11070]
["C", 19901]
["D", 10896]
["E", 8736]
["F", 6860]

You can use the special symbol :_alone to force an element into its own separate chuck:

a = [0, 0, 1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i.even? ? :_alone : true }
e.to_a # => [[:_alone, [0]], [:_alone, [0]], [true, [1, 1]]]

For example, you can put each line that contains a URL into its own chunk:

pattern = /http/
open(filename) { |f|
  f.chunk { |line| line =~ pattern ? :_alone : true }.each { |key, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}

You can use the special symbol :_separator or nil to force an element to be ignored (not included in any chunk):

a = [0, 0, -1, 1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i < 0 ? :_separator : true }
e.to_a # => [[true, [0, 0]], [true, [1, 1]]]

Note that the separator does end the chunk:

a = [0, 0, -1, 1, -1, 1]
e = a.chunk{|i| i < 0 ? :_separator : true }
e.to_a # => [[true, [0, 0]], [true, [1]], [true, [1]]]

For example, the sequence of hyphens in svn log can be eliminated as follows:

sep = "-"*72 + "\n"
IO.popen("svn log README") { |f|
  f.chunk { |line|
    line != sep || nil
  }.each { |_, lines|
    pp lines
  }
}
#=> ["r20018 | knu | 2008-10-29 13:20:42 +0900 (Wed, 29 Oct 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Update the portability section.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ["r16725 | knu | 2008-05-31 23:34:23 +0900 (Sat, 31 May 2008) | 2 lines\n",
#    "\n",
#    "* README, README.ja: Add a note about default C flags.\n",
#    "\n"]
#   ...

Paragraphs separated by empty lines can be parsed as follows:

File.foreach("README").chunk { |line|
  /\A\s*\z/ !~ line || nil
}.each { |_, lines|
  pp lines
}

Returns an enumerator object generated from this enumerator and given enumerables.

e = (1..3).chain([4, 5])
e.to_a #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Returns system configuration directory.

This is typically "/etc", but is modified by the prefix used when Ruby was compiled. For example, if Ruby is built and installed in /usr/local, returns "/usr/local/etc" on other platforms than Windows.

On Windows, this always returns the directory provided by the system.

Returns system temporary directory; typically “/tmp”.

Returns system configuration variable using sysconf().

name should be a constant under Etc which begins with SC_.

The return value is an integer or nil. nil means indefinite limit. (sysconf() returns -1 but errno is not set.)

Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_ARG_MAX) #=> 2097152
Etc.sysconf(Etc::SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX) #=> 256

Checks the status of the child process specified by pid. Returns nil if the process is still alive.

If the process is not alive, and raise was true, a PTY::ChildExited exception will be raised. Otherwise it will return a Process::Status instance.

pid

The process id of the process to check

raise

If true and the process identified by pid is no longer alive a PTY::ChildExited is raised.

Returns true if filepath points to a symbolic link, false otherwise:

symlink = File.symlink('t.txt', 'symlink')
File.symlink?('symlink') # => true
File.symlink?('t.txt')   # => false

Returns true if filepath points to a character device, false otherwise.

File.chardev?($stdin)     # => true
File.chardev?('t.txt')     # => false

Invokes the block with a Benchmark::Report object, which may be used to collect and report on the results of individual benchmark tests. Reserves label_width leading spaces for labels on each line. Prints caption at the top of the report, and uses format to format each line. (Note: caption must contain a terminating newline character, see the default Benchmark::Tms::CAPTION for an example.)

Returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects.

If the block returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects, these will be used to format additional lines of output. If labels parameter are given, these are used to label these extra lines.

Note: Other methods provide a simpler interface to this one, and are suitable for nearly all benchmarking requirements. See the examples in Benchmark, and the bm and bmbm methods.

Example:

require 'benchmark'
include Benchmark          # we need the CAPTION and FORMAT constants

n = 5000000
Benchmark.benchmark(CAPTION, 7, FORMAT, ">total:", ">avg:") do |x|
  tf = x.report("for:")   { for i in 1..n; a = "1"; end }
  tt = x.report("times:") { n.times do   ; a = "1"; end }
  tu = x.report("upto:")  { 1.upto(n) do ; a = "1"; end }
  [tf+tt+tu, (tf+tt+tu)/3]
end

Generates:

              user     system      total        real
for:      0.970000   0.000000   0.970000 (  0.970493)
times:    0.990000   0.000000   0.990000 (  0.989542)
upto:     0.970000   0.000000   0.970000 (  0.972854)
>total:   2.930000   0.000000   2.930000 (  2.932889)
>avg:     0.976667   0.000000   0.976667 (  0.977630)

Invokes the block with a Benchmark::Report object, which may be used to collect and report on the results of individual benchmark tests. Reserves label_width leading spaces for labels on each line. Prints caption at the top of the report, and uses format to format each line. (Note: caption must contain a terminating newline character, see the default Benchmark::Tms::CAPTION for an example.)

Returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects.

If the block returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects, these will be used to format additional lines of output. If labels parameter are given, these are used to label these extra lines.

Note: Other methods provide a simpler interface to this one, and are suitable for nearly all benchmarking requirements. See the examples in Benchmark, and the bm and bmbm methods.

Example:

require 'benchmark'
include Benchmark          # we need the CAPTION and FORMAT constants

n = 5000000
Benchmark.benchmark(CAPTION, 7, FORMAT, ">total:", ">avg:") do |x|
  tf = x.report("for:")   { for i in 1..n; a = "1"; end }
  tt = x.report("times:") { n.times do   ; a = "1"; end }
  tu = x.report("upto:")  { 1.upto(n) do ; a = "1"; end }
  [tf+tt+tu, (tf+tt+tu)/3]
end

Generates:

              user     system      total        real
for:      0.970000   0.000000   0.970000 (  0.970493)
times:    0.990000   0.000000   0.990000 (  0.989542)
upto:     0.970000   0.000000   0.970000 (  0.972854)
>total:   2.930000   0.000000   2.930000 (  2.932889)
>avg:     0.976667   0.000000   0.976667 (  0.977630)