OpenSSL::X509::Certificate

Class

Implementation of an X.509 certificate as specified in RFC 5280. Provides access to a certificate’s attributes and allows certificates to be read from a string, but also supports the creation of new certificates from scratch.

Reading a certificate from a file

Certificate is capable of handling DER-encoded certificates and certificates encoded in OpenSSL’s PEM format.

raw = File.binread "cert.cer" # DER- or PEM-encoded
certificate = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new raw

Saving a certificate to a file

A certificate may be encoded in DER format

cert = ...
File.open("cert.cer", "wb") { |f| f.print cert.to_der }

or in PEM format

cert = ...
File.open("cert.pem", "wb") { |f| f.print cert.to_pem }

X.509 certificates are associated with a private/public key pair, typically a RSA, DSA or ECC key (see also OpenSSL::PKey::RSA, OpenSSL::PKey::DSA and OpenSSL::PKey::EC), the public key itself is stored within the certificate and can be accessed in form of an OpenSSL::PKey. Certificates are typically used to be able to associate some form of identity with a key pair, for example web servers serving pages over HTTPs use certificates to authenticate themselves to the user.

The public key infrastructure (PKI) model relies on trusted certificate authorities (“root CAs”) that issue these certificates, so that end users need to base their trust just on a selected few authorities that themselves again vouch for subordinate CAs issuing their certificates to end users.

The OpenSSL::X509 module provides the tools to set up an independent PKI, similar to scenarios where the ‘openssl’ command line tool is used for issuing certificates in a private PKI.

Creating a root CA certificate and an end-entity certificate

First, we need to create a “self-signed” root certificate. To do so, we need to generate a key first. Please note that the choice of “1” as a serial number is considered a security flaw for real certificates. Secure choices are integers in the two-digit byte range and ideally not sequential but secure random numbers, steps omitted here to keep the example concise.

root_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048 # the CA's public/private key
root_ca = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
root_ca.version = 2 # cf. RFC 5280 - to make it a "v3" certificate
root_ca.serial = 1
root_ca.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse "/DC=org/DC=ruby-lang/CN=Ruby CA"
root_ca.issuer = root_ca.subject # root CA's are "self-signed"
root_ca.public_key = root_key.public_key
root_ca.not_before = Time.now
root_ca.not_after = root_ca.not_before + 2 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 2 years validity
ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new
ef.subject_certificate = root_ca
ef.issuer_certificate = root_ca
root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("basicConstraints","CA:TRUE",true))
root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","keyCertSign, cRLSign", true))
root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false))
root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier","keyid:always",false))
root_ca.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))

The next step is to create the end-entity certificate using the root CA certificate.

key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048
cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new
cert.version = 2
cert.serial = 2
cert.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse "/DC=org/DC=ruby-lang/CN=Ruby certificate"
cert.issuer = root_ca.subject # root CA is the issuer
cert.public_key = key.public_key
cert.not_before = Time.now
cert.not_after = cert.not_before + 1 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 1 years validity
ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new
ef.subject_certificate = cert
ef.issuer_certificate = root_ca
cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","digitalSignature", true))
cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false))
cert.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))

Class Methods

OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.load(string) → [certs...]

OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.load(file) → [certs...]

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_load(VALUE klass, VALUE buffer)
{
    BIO *in = ossl_obj2bio(&buffer);

    return rb_ensure(load_chained_certificates, (VALUE)in, load_chained_certificates_ensure, (VALUE)in);
}

Read the chained certificates from the given input. Supports both PEM and DER encoded certificates.

PEM is a text format and supports more than one certificate.

DER is a binary format and only supports one certificate.

If the file is empty, or contains only unrelated data, an OpenSSL::X509::CertificateError exception will be raised.

load_file(path)

ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb View on GitHub

          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.2.0/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb, line 360
def self.load_file(path)
  load(File.binread(path))
end

No documentation available

Certificate.new => cert

Certificate.new(string) => cert

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    BIO *in;
    X509 *x509, *x509_orig = RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self);
    VALUE arg;

    rb_check_frozen(self);
    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &arg) == 0) {
        /* create just empty X509Cert */
        return self;
    }
    arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
    in = ossl_obj2bio(&arg);
    x509 = d2i_X509_bio(in, NULL);
    if (!x509) {
        OSSL_BIO_reset(in);
        x509 = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    }
    BIO_free(in);
    if (!x509)
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "PEM_read_bio_X509");

    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = x509;
    X509_free(x509_orig);

    return self;
}

No documentation available

Instance Methods

cert1 == cert2 → true | false

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_eq(VALUE self, VALUE other)
{
    X509 *a, *b;

    GetX509(self, a);
    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, cX509Cert))
        return Qfalse;
    GetX509(other, b);

    return !X509_cmp(a, b) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

Compares the two certificates. Note that this takes into account all fields, not just the issuer name and the serial number.

cert.add_extension(extension) => extension

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_add_extension(VALUE self, VALUE extension)
{
    X509 *x509;
    X509_EXTENSION *ext;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    ext = GetX509ExtPtr(extension);
    if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext - FREE it */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return extension;
}

No documentation available

cert.check_private_key(key) → true | false

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_check_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
{
    X509 *x509;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;

    /* not needed private key, but should be */
    pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!X509_check_private_key(x509, pkey)) {
        ossl_clear_error();
        return Qfalse;
    }

    return Qtrue;
}

Returns true if key is the corresponding private key to the Subject Public Key Information, false otherwise.

cert.extensions => [extension...]

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_extensions(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    int count, i;
    X509_EXTENSION *ext;
    VALUE ary;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    count = X509_get_ext_count(x509);
    if (count < 0) {
        return rb_ary_new();
    }
    ary = rb_ary_new2(count);
    for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
        ext = X509_get_ext(x509, i); /* NO DUP - don't free! */
        rb_ary_push(ary, ossl_x509ext_new(ext));
    }

    return ary;
}

No documentation available

cert.extensions = [ext...] => [ext...]

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
{
    X509 *x509;
    X509_EXTENSION *ext;
    long i;

    Check_Type(ary, T_ARRAY);
    /* All ary's members should be X509Extension */
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
    }
    GetX509(self, x509);
    for (i = X509_get_ext_count(x509); i > 0; i--)
        X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_delete_ext(x509, 0));
    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
        ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
        if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext */
            ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_add_ext");
        }
    }

    return ary;
}

No documentation available

initialize_copy(p1)

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
{
    X509 *a, *b, *x509;

    rb_check_frozen(self);
    if (self == other) return self;

    GetX509(self, a);
    GetX509(other, b);

    x509 = X509_dup(b);
    if (!x509) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);

    DATA_PTR(self) = x509;
    X509_free(a);

    return self;
}

No documentation available

inspect

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_inspect(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": subject=%+"PRIsVALUE", "
                      "issuer=%+"PRIsVALUE", serial=%+"PRIsVALUE", "
                      "not_before=%+"PRIsVALUE", not_after=%+"PRIsVALUE">",
                      rb_obj_class(self),
                      ossl_x509_get_subject(self),
                      ossl_x509_get_issuer(self),
                      ossl_x509_get_serial(self),
                      ossl_x509_get_not_before(self),
                      ossl_x509_get_not_after(self));
}

No documentation available

cert.issuer => name

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_issuer(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    X509_NAME *name;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if(!(name = X509_get_issuer_name(x509))) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return ossl_x509name_new(name);
}

No documentation available

cert.issuer = name => name

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_issuer(VALUE self, VALUE issuer)
{
    X509 *x509;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!X509_set_issuer_name(x509, GetX509NamePtr(issuer))) { /* DUPs name */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return issuer;
}

No documentation available

cert.not_after => time

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_not_after(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    const ASN1_TIME *asn1time;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!(asn1time = X509_get0_notAfter(x509))) {
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
}

No documentation available

cert.not_after = time => time

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_not_after(VALUE self, VALUE time)
{
    X509 *x509;
    ASN1_TIME *asn1time;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
    if (!X509_set1_notAfter(x509, asn1time)) {
        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notAfter");
    }
    ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);

    return time;
}

No documentation available

cert.not_before => time

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_not_before(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    const ASN1_TIME *asn1time;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!(asn1time = X509_get0_notBefore(x509))) {
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return asn1time_to_time(asn1time);
}

No documentation available

cert.not_before = time => time

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_not_before(VALUE self, VALUE time)
{
    X509 *x509;
    ASN1_TIME *asn1time;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    asn1time = ossl_x509_time_adjust(NULL, time);
    if (!X509_set1_notBefore(x509, asn1time)) {
        ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_notBefore");
    }
    ASN1_TIME_free(asn1time);

    return time;
}

No documentation available

pretty_print(q)

ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb View on GitHub

          
            # File tmp/rubies/ruby-3.2.0/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/x509.rb, line 349
def pretty_print(q)
  q.object_group(self) {
    q.breakable
    q.text 'subject='; q.pp self.subject; q.text ','; q.breakable
    q.text 'issuer='; q.pp self.issuer; q.text ','; q.breakable
    q.text 'serial='; q.pp self.serial; q.text ','; q.breakable
    q.text 'not_before='; q.pp self.not_before; q.text ','; q.breakable
    q.text 'not_after='; q.pp self.not_after
  }
end

No documentation available

cert.public_key => key

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_public_key(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!(pkey = X509_get_pubkey(x509))) { /* adds an reference */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return ossl_pkey_new(pkey); /* NO DUP - OK */
}

No documentation available

cert.public_key = key

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
{
    X509 *x509;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
    if (!X509_set_pubkey(x509, pkey))
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_set_pubkey");
    return key;
}

No documentation available

cert.serial => integer

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_serial(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;

    GetX509(self, x509);

    return asn1integer_to_num(X509_get_serialNumber(x509));
}

No documentation available

cert.serial = integer => integer

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_serial(VALUE self, VALUE num)
{
    X509 *x509;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    X509_set_serialNumber(x509, num_to_asn1integer(num, X509_get_serialNumber(x509)));

    return num;
}

No documentation available

cert.sign(key, digest) => self

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_sign(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
{
    X509 *x509;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;
    const EVP_MD *md;

    pkey = GetPrivPKeyPtr(key); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
    md = ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest);
    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!X509_sign(x509, pkey, md)) {
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return self;
}

No documentation available

cert.signature_algorithm => string

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_signature_algorithm(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    BIO *out;
    VALUE str;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
    if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);

    if (!i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(out, X509_get0_tbs_sigalg(x509)->algorithm)) {
        BIO_free(out);
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }
    str = ossl_membio2str(out);

    return str;
}

No documentation available

cert.subject => name

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_subject(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    X509_NAME *name;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!(name = X509_get_subject_name(x509))) { /* NO DUP - don't free! */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return ossl_x509name_new(name);
}

No documentation available

cert.subject = name => name

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_subject(VALUE self, VALUE subject)
{
    X509 *x509;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!X509_set_subject_name(x509, GetX509NamePtr(subject))) { /* DUPs name */
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return subject;
}

No documentation available

cert.to_der => string

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    VALUE str;
    long len;
    unsigned char *p;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    if ((len = i2d_X509(x509, NULL)) <= 0)
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (i2d_X509(x509, &p) <= 0)
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    ossl_str_adjust(str, p);

    return str;
}

No documentation available

cert.to_pem => string

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_to_pem(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    BIO *out;
    VALUE str;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
    if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);

    if (!PEM_write_bio_X509(out, x509)) {
        BIO_free(out);
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }
    str = ossl_membio2str(out);

    return str;
}

No documentation available

to_s

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

An alias for to_pem

cert.to_text => string

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_to_text(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;
    BIO *out;
    VALUE str;

    GetX509(self, x509);

    out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
    if (!out) ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);

    if (!X509_print(out, x509)) {
        BIO_free(out);
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }
    str = ossl_membio2str(out);

    return str;
}

No documentation available

cert.verify(key) => true | false

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_verify(VALUE self, VALUE key)
{
    X509 *x509;
    EVP_PKEY *pkey;

    GetX509(self, x509);
    pkey = GetPKeyPtr(key);
    ossl_pkey_check_public_key(pkey);
    switch (X509_verify(x509, pkey)) {
      case 1:
        return Qtrue;
      case 0:
        ossl_clear_error();
        return Qfalse;
      default:
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }
}

Verifies the signature of the certificate, with the public key key. key must be an instance of OpenSSL::PKey.

cert.version => integer

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_get_version(VALUE self)
{
    X509 *x509;

    GetX509(self, x509);

    return LONG2NUM(X509_get_version(x509));
}

No documentation available

cert.version = integer => integer

ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c View on GitHub

          
            static VALUE
ossl_x509_set_version(VALUE self, VALUE version)
{
    X509 *x509;
    long ver;

    if ((ver = NUM2LONG(version)) < 0) {
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "version must be >= 0!");
    }
    GetX509(self, x509);
    if (!X509_set_version(x509, ver)) {
        ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
    }

    return version;
}

No documentation available