Results for: "Data"

SingleForwardable can be used to setup delegation at the object level as well.

printer = String.new
printer.extend SingleForwardable        # prepare object for delegation
printer.def_delegator "STDOUT", "puts"  # add delegation for STDOUT.puts()
printer.puts "Howdy!"

Also, SingleForwardable can be used to set up delegation for a Class or Module.

class Implementation
  def self.service
    puts "serviced!"
  end
end

module Facade
  extend SingleForwardable
  def_delegator :Implementation, :service
end

Facade.service #=> serviced!

If you want to use both Forwardable and SingleForwardable, you can use methods def_instance_delegator and def_single_delegator, etc.

When mathn is required, the Math module changes as follows:

Standard Math module behaviour:

Math.sqrt(4/9)     # => 0.0
Math.sqrt(4.0/9.0) # => 0.666666666666667
Math.sqrt(- 4/9)   # => Errno::EDOM: Numerical argument out of domain - sqrt

After require ‘mathn’, this is changed to:

require 'mathn'
Math.sqrt(4/9)      # => 2/3
Math.sqrt(4.0/9.0)  # => 0.666666666666667
Math.sqrt(- 4/9)    # => Complex(0, 2/3)

The Math module contains module functions for basic trigonometric and transcendental functions. See class Float for a list of constants that define Ruby’s floating point accuracy.

Domains and codomains are given only for real (not complex) numbers.

A module to implement the Linda distributed computing paradigm in Ruby.

Rinda is part of DRb (dRuby).

Example(s)

See the sample/drb/ directory in the Ruby distribution, from 1.8.2 onwards.

The top-level class representing any ASN.1 object. When parsed by ASN1.decode, tagged values are always represented by an instance of ASN1Data.

The role of ASN1Data for parsing tagged values

When encoding an ASN.1 type it is inherently clear what original type (e.g. INTEGER, OCTET STRING etc.) this value has, regardless of its tagging. But opposed to the time an ASN.1 type is to be encoded, when parsing them it is not possible to deduce the “real type” of tagged values. This is why tagged values are generally parsed into ASN1Data instances, but with a different outcome for implicit and explicit tagging.

Example of a parsed implicitly tagged value

An implicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an ASN1Data with

• tag equal to 1

• tag_class equal to :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC

• value equal to a String that carries the raw encoding of the INTEGER.

This implies that a subsequent decoding step is required to completely decode implicitly tagged values.

Example of a parsed explicitly tagged value

An explicitly 1-tagged INTEGER value will be parsed as an ASN1Data with

• tag equal to 1

• tag_class equal to :CONTEXT_SPECIFIC

• value equal to an Array with one single element, an instance of OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer, i.e. the inner element is the non-tagged primitive value, and the tagging is represented in the outer ASN1Data

Example - Decoding an implicitly tagged INTEGER

int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1, 0, :IMPLICIT) # implicit 0-tagged
seq = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [int] )
der = seq.to_der
asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
# pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
#              @infinite_length=false,
#              @tag=16,
#              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
#              @tagging=nil,
#              @value=
#                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
#                   @infinite_length=false,
#                   @tag=0,
#                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
#                   @value="\x01">]>
raw_int = asn1.value[0]
# manually rewrite tag and tag class to make it an UNIVERSAL value
raw_int.tag = OpenSSL::ASN1::INTEGER
raw_int.tag_class = :UNIVERSAL
int2 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(raw_int)
puts int2.value # => 1

Example - Decoding an explicitly tagged INTEGER

int = OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer.new(1, 0, :EXPLICIT) # explicit 0-tagged
seq = OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence.new( [int] )
der = seq.to_der
asn1 = OpenSSL::ASN1.decode(der)
# pp asn1 => #<OpenSSL::ASN1::Sequence:0x87326e0
#              @infinite_length=false,
#              @tag=16,
#              @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL,
#              @tagging=nil,
#              @value=
#                [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::ASN1Data:0x87326f4
#                   @infinite_length=false,
#                   @tag=0,
#                   @tag_class=:CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
#                   @value=
#                     [#<OpenSSL::ASN1::Integer:0x85bf308
#                        @infinite_length=false,
#                        @tag=2,
#                        @tag_class=:UNIVERSAL
#                        @tagging=nil,
#                        @value=1>]>]>
int2 = asn1.value[0].value[0]
puts int2.value # => 1

Stores multipart form data. FormData objects are created when WEBrick::HTTPUtils.parse_form_data is called.

Net::IMAP::BodyTypeAttachment represents attachment body structures of messages.

Fields:

media_type

Returns the content media type name.

subtype

Returns nil.

param

Returns a hash that represents parameters.

multipart?

Returns false.

An InstalledSpecification represents a gem that is already installed locally.

The StaticSet is a static set of gem specifications used for testing only. It is available by requiring Gem::TestCase.

Root of the HTTP status class hierarchy

Common validators of number and nz_number types

Element used to describe an Atom date and time in the ISO 8601 format

Examples:

• 2013-03-04T15:30:02Z

• 2013-03-04T10:30:02-05:00

Generator

Raised by Encoding and String methods when the source encoding is incompatible with the target encoding.

This exception is raised if a generator or unparser error occurs.