Mixin for holding meta-information.
Acceptable argument classes. Now contains DecimalInteger, OctalInteger and DecimalNumeric. See Acceptable argument classes (in source code).
This module is responsible for converting the prism syntax tree into other syntax trees.
Formats generated random numbers in many manners. When 'random/formatter' is required, several methods are added to empty core module Random::Formatter, making them available as Random’s instance and module methods.
Standard library SecureRandom is also extended with the module, and the methods described below are available as a module methods in it.
Generate random hexadecimal strings:
require 'random/formatter' prng = Random.new prng.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362" prng.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559" prng.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23" # or just Random.hex #=> "1aed0c631e41be7f77365415541052ee"
Generate random base64 strings:
prng.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA==" prng.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg==" prng.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8" Random.base64(4) #=> "bsQ3fQ=="
Generate random binary strings:
prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301" prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337" Random.random_bytes(6) #=> "\xA1\xE6Lr\xC43"
Generate alphanumeric strings:
prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "S8baxMJnPl" prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "aOxAg8BAJe" Random.alphanumeric #=> "TmP9OsJHJLtaZYhP"
Generate UUIDs:
prng.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594" prng.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab" Random.uuid #=> "f14e0271-de96-45cc-8911-8910292a42cd"
All methods are available in the standard library SecureRandom, too:
SecureRandom.hex #=> "05b45376a30c67238eb93b16499e50cf"
Generate a random number in the given range as Random does
prng.random_number #=> 0.5816771641321361 prng.random_number(1000) #=> 485 prng.random_number(1..6) #=> 3 prng.rand #=> 0.5816771641321361 prng.rand(1000) #=> 485 prng.rand(1..6) #=> 3
Raised if you try to access a buffer slice which no longer references a valid memory range of the underlying source.
Tokens where state should be ignored used for :on_comment, :on_heredoc_end, :on_embexpr_end
An error class raised when dynamic parts are found while computing a constant path’s full name. For example: Foo::Bar::Baz -> does not raise because all parts of the constant path are simple constants var::Bar::Baz -> raises because the first part of the constant path is a local variable
An error class raised when missing nodes are found while computing a constant path’s full name. For example:
-> raises because the constant path is missing the last part
An InstalledSpecification represents a gem that is already installed locally.
RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Location instances are created by RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree#locations.
This class is MRI specific.
Implementation of an X.509 certificate as specified in RFC 5280. Provides access to a certificate’s attributes and allows certificates to be read from a string, but also supports the creation of new certificates from scratch.
Certificate is capable of handling DER-encoded certificates and certificates encoded in OpenSSL’s PEM format.
raw = File.binread "cert.cer" # DER- or PEM-encoded certificate = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new raw
A certificate may be encoded in DER format
cert = ... File.open("cert.cer", "wb") { |f| f.print cert.to_der }
or in PEM format
cert = ... File.open("cert.pem", "wb") { |f| f.print cert.to_pem }
X.509 certificates are associated with a private/public key pair, typically a RSA, DSA or ECC key (see also OpenSSL::PKey::RSA, OpenSSL::PKey::DSA and OpenSSL::PKey::EC), the public key itself is stored within the certificate and can be accessed in form of an OpenSSL::PKey. Certificates are typically used to be able to associate some form of identity with a key pair, for example web servers serving pages over HTTPs use certificates to authenticate themselves to the user.
The public key infrastructure (PKI) model relies on trusted certificate authorities (“root CAs”) that issue these certificates, so that end users need to base their trust just on a selected few authorities that themselves again vouch for subordinate CAs issuing their certificates to end users.
The OpenSSL::X509 module provides the tools to set up an independent PKI, similar to scenarios where the ‘openssl’ command line tool is used for issuing certificates in a private PKI.
First, we need to create a “self-signed” root certificate. To do so, we need to generate a key first. Please note that the choice of “1” as a serial number is considered a security flaw for real certificates. Secure choices are integers in the two-digit byte range and ideally not sequential but secure random numbers, steps omitted here to keep the example concise.
root_key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048 # the CA's public/private key root_ca = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new root_ca.version = 2 # cf. RFC 5280 - to make it a "v3" certificate root_ca.serial = 1 root_ca.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse "/DC=org/DC=ruby-lang/CN=Ruby CA" root_ca.issuer = root_ca.subject # root CA's are "self-signed" root_ca.public_key = root_key.public_key root_ca.not_before = Time.now root_ca.not_after = root_ca.not_before + 2 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 2 years validity ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new ef.subject_certificate = root_ca ef.issuer_certificate = root_ca root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("basicConstraints","CA:TRUE",true)) root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","keyCertSign, cRLSign", true)) root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false)) root_ca.add_extension(ef.create_extension("authorityKeyIdentifier","keyid:always",false)) root_ca.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))
The next step is to create the end-entity certificate using the root CA certificate.
key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new 2048 cert = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new cert.version = 2 cert.serial = 2 cert.subject = OpenSSL::X509::Name.parse "/DC=org/DC=ruby-lang/CN=Ruby certificate" cert.issuer = root_ca.subject # root CA is the issuer cert.public_key = key.public_key cert.not_before = Time.now cert.not_after = cert.not_before + 1 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60 # 1 years validity ef = OpenSSL::X509::ExtensionFactory.new ef.subject_certificate = cert ef.issuer_certificate = root_ca cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("keyUsage","digitalSignature", true)) cert.add_extension(ef.create_extension("subjectKeyIdentifier","hash",false)) cert.sign(root_key, OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA256'))
An OpenSSL::OCSP::CertificateId identifies a certificate to the CA so that a status check can be performed.