Returns the values in self as an array:
Customer = Struct.new(:name, :address, :zip) joe = Customer.new("Joe Smith", "123 Maple, Anytown NC", 12345) joe.to_a # => ["Joe Smith", "123 Maple, Anytown NC", 12345]
Related: members.
Enters exclusive section and executes the block. Leaves the exclusive section automatically when the block exits. See example under MonitorMixin.
Returns the last change time, using directory information, not the file itself.
See File.ctime.
Requests a connection to be made on the given remote_sockaddr. Returns 0 if successful, otherwise an exception is raised.
remote_sockaddr - the struct sockaddr contained in a string or Addrinfo object
# Pull down Google's web page require 'socket' include Socket::Constants socket = Socket.new( AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0 ) sockaddr = Socket.pack_sockaddr_in( 80, 'www.google.com' ) socket.connect( sockaddr ) socket.write( "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" ) results = socket.read
On unix-based systems the following system exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::EACCES - search permission is denied for a component of the prefix path or write access to the socket is denied
Errno::EADDRINUSE - the sockaddr is already in use
Errno::EADDRNOTAVAIL - the specified sockaddr is not available from the local machine
Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT - the specified sockaddr is not a valid address for the address family of the specified socket
Errno::EALREADY - a connection is already in progress for the specified socket
Errno::EBADF - the socket is not a valid file descriptor
Errno::ECONNREFUSED - the target sockaddr was not listening for connections refused the connection request
Errno::ECONNRESET - the remote host reset the connection request
Errno::EFAULT - the sockaddr cannot be accessed
Errno::EHOSTUNREACH - the destination host cannot be reached (probably because the host is down or a remote router cannot reach it)
Errno::EINPROGRESS - the O_NONBLOCK is set for the socket and the connection cannot be immediately established; the connection will be established asynchronously
Errno::EINTR - the attempt to establish the connection was interrupted by delivery of a signal that was caught; the connection will be established asynchronously
Errno::EISCONN - the specified socket is already connected
Errno::EINVAL - the address length used for the sockaddr is not a valid length for the address family or there is an invalid family in sockaddr
Errno::ENAMETOOLONG - the pathname resolved had a length which exceeded PATH_MAX
Errno::ENETDOWN - the local interface used to reach the destination is down
Errno::ENETUNREACH - no route to the network is present
Errno::ENOBUFS - no buffer space is available
Errno::ENOSR - there were insufficient STREAMS resources available to complete the operation
Errno::ENOTSOCK - the socket argument does not refer to a socket
Errno::EOPNOTSUPP - the calling socket is listening and cannot be connected
Errno::EPROTOTYPE - the sockaddr has a different type than the socket bound to the specified peer address
Errno::ETIMEDOUT - the attempt to connect timed out before a connection was made.
On unix-based systems if the address family of the calling socket is AF_UNIX the follow exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::EIO - an i/o error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system
Errno::ELOOP - too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname in sockaddr
Errno::ENAMETOOLLONG - a component of a pathname exceeded NAME_MAX characters, or an entire pathname exceeded PATH_MAX characters
Errno::ENOENT - a component of the pathname does not name an existing file or the pathname is an empty string
Errno::ENOTDIR - a component of the path prefix of the pathname in sockaddr is not a directory
On Windows systems the following system exceptions may be raised if the call to connect fails:
Errno::ENETDOWN - the network is down
Errno::EADDRINUSE - the socket’s local address is already in use
Errno::EINTR - the socket was cancelled
Errno::EINPROGRESS - a blocking socket is in progress or the service provider is still processing a callback function. Or a nonblocking connect call is in progress on the socket.
Errno::EALREADY - see Errno::EINVAL
Errno::EADDRNOTAVAIL - the remote address is not a valid address, such as ADDR_ANY TODO check ADDRANY TO INADDR_ANY
Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT - addresses in the specified family cannot be used with with this socket
Errno::ECONNREFUSED - the target sockaddr was not listening for connections refused the connection request
Errno::EFAULT - the socket’s internal address or address length parameter is too small or is not a valid part of the user space address
Errno::EINVAL - the socket is a listening socket
Errno::EISCONN - the socket is already connected
Errno::ENETUNREACH - the network cannot be reached from this host at this time
Errno::EHOSTUNREACH - no route to the network is present
Errno::ENOBUFS - no buffer space is available
Errno::ENOTSOCK - the socket argument does not refer to a socket
Errno::ETIMEDOUT - the attempt to connect timed out before a connection was made.
Errno::EWOULDBLOCK - the socket is marked as nonblocking and the connection cannot be completed immediately
Errno::EACCES - the attempt to connect the datagram socket to the broadcast address failed
connect manual pages on unix-based systems
connect function in Microsoft’s Winsock functions reference
creates a socket connected to the address of self.
The optional argument opts is options represented by a hash. opts may have following options:
specify the timeout in seconds.
If a block is given, it is called with the socket and the value of the block is returned. The socket is returned otherwise.
Addrinfo.tcp("www.ruby-lang.org", 80).connect {|s| s.print "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.ruby-lang.org\r\n\r\n" puts s.read }
Connects udpsocket to host:port.
This makes possible to send without destination address.
u1 = UDPSocket.new u1.bind("127.0.0.1", 4913) u2 = UDPSocket.new u2.connect("127.0.0.1", 4913) u2.send "uuuu", 0 p u1.recvfrom(10) #=> ["uuuu", ["AF_INET", 33230, "localhost", "127.0.0.1"]]
Truncates the buffer string to at most integer bytes. The stream must be opened for writing.
Appends the given more_string to the [stored string].
Returns self.
Does not affect the [positions] or [match values].
scanner = StringScanner.new('foo') scanner.string # => "foo" scanner.terminate scanner.concat('barbaz') # => #<StringScanner 3/9 "foo" @ "barba..."> scanner.string # => "foobarbaz" put_situation(scanner) # Situation: # pos: 3 # charpos: 3 # rest: "barbaz" # rest_size: 6
Returns revision information for the erb.rb module.
Returns the values in self as an array, to use in pattern matching:
Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) distance = Measure[10, 'km'] distance.deconstruct #=> [10, "km"] # usage case distance in n, 'km' # calls #deconstruct underneath puts "It is #{n} kilometers away" else puts "Don't know how to handle it" end # prints "It is 10 kilometers away"
Or, with checking the class, too:
case distance in Measure(n, 'km') puts "It is #{n} kilometers away" # ... end
Returns the array of captures, which are all matches except m[0]:
m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.") # => #<MatchData "HX1138" 1:"H" 2:"X" 3:"113" 4:"8"> m[0] # => "HX1138" m.captures # => ["H", "X", "113", "8"]
Related: MatchData.to_a.
Establishes proc on thr as the handler for tracing, or disables tracing if the parameter is nil.
Adds proc as a handler for tracing.
Establishes proc as the handler for tracing, or disables tracing if the parameter is nil.
Note: this method is obsolete, please use TracePoint instead.
proc takes up to six parameters:
an event name string
a filename string
a line number
a method name symbol, or nil
a binding, or nil
the class, module, or nil
proc is invoked whenever an event occurs.
Events are:
"c-call"call a C-language routine
"c-return"return from a C-language routine
"call"call a Ruby method
"class"start a class or module definition
"end"finish a class or module definition
"line"execute code on a new line
"raise"raise an exception
"return"return from a Ruby method
Tracing is disabled within the context of proc.
class Test def test a = 1 b = 2 end end set_trace_func proc { |event, file, line, id, binding, class_or_module| printf "%8s %s:%-2d %16p %14p\n", event, file, line, id, class_or_module } t = Test.new t.test
Produces:
c-return prog.rb:8 :set_trace_func Kernel
line prog.rb:11 nil nil
c-call prog.rb:11 :new Class
c-call prog.rb:11 :initialize BasicObject
c-return prog.rb:11 :initialize BasicObject
c-return prog.rb:11 :new Class
line prog.rb:12 nil nil
call prog.rb:2 :test Test
line prog.rb:3 :test Test
line prog.rb:4 :test Test
return prog.rb:5 :test Test
Returns the class for the given object.
class A def foo ObjectSpace::trace_object_allocations do obj = Object.new p "#{ObjectSpace::allocation_class_path(obj)}" end end end A.new.foo #=> "Class"
See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and examples.
Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from node.
Return value is unspecified.
each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn’t call tsort_each_node.
class G include TSort def initialize(g) @g = g end def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end end graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}) graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2] graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}) graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2, 3]
Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph. The graph is represented by node and each_child.
node is the first node. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
Return value is unspecified.
TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and it doesn’t need a class to represent a graph which includes TSort.
graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]} each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) } TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2, 3] # [1]
Called before each event with line/column information.