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Symbol#length

Equivalent to self.to_s.length; see String#length.

Symbol#match

Equivalent to self.to_s.match, including possible updates to global variables; see String#match.

Symbol#match?

Equivalent to sym.to_s.match?; see String#match.

Class#allocate

Allocates space for a new object of class’s class and does not call initialize on the new instance. The returned object must be an instance of class.

klass = Class.new do
  def initialize(*args)
    @initialized = true
  end

  def initialized?
    @initialized || false
  end
end

klass.allocate.initialized? #=> false

PTY::spawn

Spawns the specified command on a newly allocated pty. You can also use the alias ::getpty.

The command’s controlling tty is set to the slave device of the pty and its standard input/output/error is redirected to the slave device.

env is an optional hash that provides additional environment variables to the spawned pty.

# sets FOO to "bar"
PTY.spawn({"FOO"=>"bar"}, "printenv", "FOO") do |r, w, pid|
  p r.read #=> "bar\r\n"
ensure
  r.close; w.close; Process.wait(pid)
end
# unsets FOO
PTY.spawn({"FOO"=>nil}, "printenv", "FOO") do |r, w, pid|
  p r.read #=> ""
ensure
  r.close; w.close; Process.wait(pid)
end

command and command_line are the full commands to run, given a String. Any additional arguments will be passed to the command.

Return values

In the non-block form this returns an array of size three, [r, w, pid].

In the block form these same values will be yielded to the block:

r: A readable IO that contains the command’s standard output and standard error
w: A writable IO that is the command’s standard input
pid: The process identifier for the command.

Clean up

This method does not clean up like closing IOs or waiting for child process, except that the process is detached in the block form to prevent it from becoming a zombie (see Process.detach). Any other cleanup is the responsibility of the caller. If waiting for pid, be sure to close both r and w before doing so; doing it in the reverse order may cause deadlock on some OSes.

Ripper::parse

Parses the given Ruby program read from src. src must be a String or an IO or a object with a gets method.

Socket::socketpair

Creates a pair of sockets connected each other.

domain should be a communications domain such as: :INET, :INET6, :UNIX, etc.

socktype should be a socket type such as: :STREAM, :DGRAM, :RAW, etc.

protocol should be a protocol defined in the domain, defaults to 0 for the domain.

s1, s2 = Socket.pair(:UNIX, :STREAM, 0)
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
s1.close
p s2.recv(10) #=> "ab"
p s2.recv(10) #=> ""
p s2.recv(10) #=> ""

s1, s2 = Socket.pair(:UNIX, :DGRAM, 0)
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
p s2.recv(10) #=> "a"
p s2.recv(10) #=> "b"

Socket::pair

Creates a pair of sockets connected each other.

domain should be a communications domain such as: :INET, :INET6, :UNIX, etc.

socktype should be a socket type such as: :STREAM, :DGRAM, :RAW, etc.

protocol should be a protocol defined in the domain, defaults to 0 for the domain.

s1, s2 = Socket.pair(:UNIX, :STREAM, 0)
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
s1.close
p s2.recv(10) #=> "ab"
p s2.recv(10) #=> ""
p s2.recv(10) #=> ""

s1, s2 = Socket.pair(:UNIX, :DGRAM, 0)
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
p s2.recv(10) #=> "a"
p s2.recv(10) #=> "b"

Socket::gethostbyaddr

Use Addrinfo#getnameinfo instead. This method is deprecated for the following reasons:

Uncommon address representation: 4/16-bytes binary string to represent IPv4/IPv6 address.
gethostbyaddr() may take a long time and it may block other threads. (GVL cannot be released since gethostbyname() is not thread safe.)
This method uses gethostbyname() function already removed from POSIX.

This method obtains the host information for address.

p Socket.gethostbyaddr([221,186,184,68].pack("CCCC"))
#=> ["carbon.ruby-lang.org", [], 2, "\xDD\xBA\xB8D"]

p Socket.gethostbyaddr([127,0,0,1].pack("CCCC"))
["localhost", [], 2, "\x7F\x00\x00\x01"]
p Socket.gethostbyaddr(([0]*15+[1]).pack("C"*16))
#=> ["localhost", ["ip6-localhost", "ip6-loopback"], 10,
     "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01"]

Addrinfo#afamily

returns the address family as an integer.

Addrinfo.tcp("localhost", 80).afamily == Socket::AF_INET #=> true

Addrinfo#pfamily

returns the protocol family as an integer.

Addrinfo.tcp("localhost", 80).pfamily == Socket::PF_INET #=> true

UNIXSocket::socketpair

Creates a pair of sockets connected to each other.

type should be a socket type such as: :STREAM, :DGRAM, :RAW, etc.

protocol should be a protocol defined in the domain. 0 is default protocol for the domain.

s1, s2 = UNIXSocket.pair
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
p s2.recv(10) #=> "ab"

UNIXSocket::pair

Creates a pair of sockets connected to each other.

type should be a socket type such as: :STREAM, :DGRAM, :RAW, etc.

protocol should be a protocol defined in the domain. 0 is default protocol for the domain.

s1, s2 = UNIXSocket.pair
s1.send "a", 0
s1.send "b", 0
p s2.recv(10) #=> "ab"

StringIO#isatty

Returns false. Just for compatibility to IO.

StringIO#length

Returns the size of the buffer string.

StringIO#truncate

Truncates the buffer string to at most integer bytes. The stream must be opened for writing.

StringScanner#concat

Appends the given more_string to the [stored string].
Returns self.
Does not affect the [positions] or [match values].

scanner = StringScanner.new('foo')
scanner.string           # => "foo"
scanner.terminate
scanner.concat('barbaz') # => #<StringScanner 3/9 "foo" @ "barba...">
scanner.string           # => "foobarbaz"
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       3
#   charpos:   3
#   rest:      "barbaz"
#   rest_size: 6

StringScanner#match?

Attempts to [match] the given pattern at the beginning of the [target substring]; does not modify the [positions].

If the match succeeds:

Sets [match values].
Returns the size in bytes of the matched substring.

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.pos = 3
scanner.match?(/bar/) => 3
put_match_values(scanner)
# Basic match values:
#   matched?:       true
#   matched_size:   3
#   pre_match:      "foo"
#   matched  :      "bar"
#   post_match:     "baz"
# Captured match values:
#   size:           1
#   captures:       []
#   named_captures: {}
#   values_at:      ["bar", nil]
#   []:
#     [0]:          "bar"
#     [1]:          nil
put_situation(scanner)
# Situation:
#   pos:       3
#   charpos:   3
#   rest:      "barbaz"
#   rest_size: 6

If the match fails:

Clears match values.
Returns nil.
Does not increment positions.

scanner.match?(/nope/)         # => nil
match_values_cleared?(scanner) # => true

StringScanner#matched?

Returns true of the most recent [match attempt] was successful, false otherwise; see [Basic Matched Values]:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.matched?       # => false
scanner.pos = 3
scanner.exist?(/baz/)  # => 6
scanner.matched?       # => true
scanner.exist?(/nope/) # => nil
scanner.matched?       # => false

StringScanner#matched

Returns the matched substring from the most recent [match] attempt if it was successful, or nil otherwise; see [Basic Matched Values]:

scanner = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
scanner.matched        # => nil
scanner.pos = 3
scanner.match?(/bar/)  # => 3
scanner.matched        # => "bar"
scanner.match?(/nope/) # => nil
scanner.matched        # => nil

Hash#length

Returns the count of entries in self:

{foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.length # => 3

Hash#update

Merges each of other_hashes into self; returns self.

Each argument in other_hashes must be a Hash.

With arguments and no block:

Returns self, after the given hashes are merged into it.
The given hashes are merged left to right.
Each new entry is added at the end.
Each duplicate-key entry’s value overwrites the previous value.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h.merge!(h1, h2) # => {foo: 0, bar: 4, baz: 2, bat: 6, bam: 5}

With arguments and a block:

Returns self, after the given hashes are merged.
The given hashes are merged left to right.
Each new-key entry is added at the end.
For each duplicate key:
- Calls the block with the key and the old and new values.
- The block’s return value becomes the new value for the entry.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h3 = h.merge!(h1, h2) { |key, old_value, new_value| old_value + new_value }
h3 # => {foo: 0, bar: 5, baz: 2, bat: 9, bam: 5}

With no arguments:

Returns self, unmodified.
The block, if given, is ignored.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h.merge # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = h.merge! { |key, old_value, new_value| raise 'Cannot happen' }
h1 # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}

Hash#merge!

Merges each of other_hashes into self; returns self.

Each argument in other_hashes must be a Hash.

With arguments and no block:

Returns self, after the given hashes are merged into it.
The given hashes are merged left to right.
Each new entry is added at the end.
Each duplicate-key entry’s value overwrites the previous value.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h.merge!(h1, h2) # => {foo: 0, bar: 4, baz: 2, bat: 6, bam: 5}

With arguments and a block:

Returns self, after the given hashes are merged.
The given hashes are merged left to right.
Each new-key entry is added at the end.
For each duplicate key:
- Calls the block with the key and the old and new values.
- The block’s return value becomes the new value for the entry.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h3 = h.merge!(h1, h2) { |key, old_value, new_value| old_value + new_value }
h3 # => {foo: 0, bar: 5, baz: 2, bat: 9, bam: 5}

With no arguments:

Returns self, unmodified.
The block, if given, is ignored.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h.merge # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = h.merge! { |key, old_value, new_value| raise 'Cannot happen' }
h1 # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}

Hash#merge

Returns the new Hash formed by merging each of other_hashes into a copy of self.

Each argument in other_hashes must be a Hash.

With arguments and no block:

Returns the new Hash object formed by merging each successive Hash in other_hashes into self.
Each new-key entry is added at the end.
Each duplicate-key entry’s value overwrites the previous value.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h.merge(h1, h2) # => {foo: 0, bar: 4, baz: 2, bat: 6, bam: 5}

With arguments and a block:

Returns a new Hash object that is the merge of self and each given hash.
The given hashes are merged left to right.
Each new-key entry is added at the end.
For each duplicate key:
- Calls the block with the key and the old and new values.
- The block’s return value becomes the new value for the entry.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = {bat: 3, bar: 4}
h2 = {bam: 5, bat:6}
h3 = h.merge(h1, h2) { |key, old_value, new_value| old_value + new_value }
h3 # => {foo: 0, bar: 5, baz: 2, bat: 9, bam: 5}

With no arguments:

Returns a copy of self.
The block, if given, is ignored.

Example:

h = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h.merge # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}
h1 = h.merge { |key, old_value, new_value| raise 'Cannot happen' }
h1 # => {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}