Returns a conversion path.
p Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP")
#=> [[#<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>],
# [#<Encoding:UTF-8>, #<Encoding:EUC-JP>]]
p Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP", universal_newline: true)
or
p Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "EUC-JP", newline: :universal)
#=> [[#<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>],
# [#<Encoding:UTF-8>, #<Encoding:EUC-JP>],
# "universal_newline"]
p Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "UTF-32BE", universal_newline: true)
or
p Encoding::Converter.search_convpath("ISO-8859-1", "UTF-32BE", newline: :universal)
#=> [[#<Encoding:ISO-8859-1>, #<Encoding:UTF-8>],
# "universal_newline",
# [#<Encoding:UTF-8>, #<Encoding:UTF-32BE>]]
primitive_errinfo returns important information regarding the last error as a 5-element array:
[result, enc1, enc2, error_bytes, readagain_bytes]
result is the last result of primitive_convert.
Other elements are only meaningful when result is :invalid_byte_sequence, :incomplete_input or :undefined_conversion.
enc1 and enc2 indicate a conversion step as a pair of strings. For example, a converter from EUC-JP to ISO-8859-1 converts a string as follows: EUC-JP -> UTF-8 -> ISO-8859-1. So [enc1, enc2] is either [“EUC-JP”, “UTF-8”] or [“UTF-8”, “ISO-8859-1”].
error_bytes and readagain_bytes indicate the byte sequences which caused the error. error_bytes is discarded portion. readagain_bytes is buffered portion which is read again on next conversion.
Example:
# \xff is invalid as EUC-JP. ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS") ec.primitive_convert(src="\xff", dst="", nil, 10) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:invalid_byte_sequence, "EUC-JP", "Shift_JIS", "\xFF", ""] # HIRAGANA LETTER A (\xa4\xa2 in EUC-JP) is not representable in ISO-8859-1. # Since this error is occur in UTF-8 to ISO-8859-1 conversion, # error_bytes is HIRAGANA LETTER A in UTF-8 (\xE3\x81\x82). ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1") ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa4\xa2", dst="", nil, 10) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:undefined_conversion, "UTF-8", "ISO-8859-1", "\xE3\x81\x82", ""] # partial character is invalid ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1") ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa4", dst="", nil, 10) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:incomplete_input, "EUC-JP", "UTF-8", "\xA4", ""] # Encoding::Converter::PARTIAL_INPUT prevents invalid errors by # partial characters. ec = Encoding::Converter.new("EUC-JP", "ISO-8859-1") ec.primitive_convert(src="\xa4", dst="", nil, 10, Encoding::Converter::PARTIAL_INPUT) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:source_buffer_empty, nil, nil, nil, nil] # \xd8\x00\x00@ is invalid as UTF-16BE because # no low surrogate after high surrogate (\xd8\x00). # It is detected by 3rd byte (\00) which is part of next character. # So the high surrogate (\xd8\x00) is discarded and # the 3rd byte is read again later. # Since the byte is buffered in ec, it is dropped from src. ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16BE", "UTF-8") ec.primitive_convert(src="\xd8\x00\x00@", dst="", nil, 10) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:invalid_byte_sequence, "UTF-16BE", "UTF-8", "\xD8\x00", "\x00"] p src #=> "@" # Similar to UTF-16BE, \x00\xd8@\x00 is invalid as UTF-16LE. # The problem is detected by 4th byte. ec = Encoding::Converter.new("UTF-16LE", "UTF-8") ec.primitive_convert(src="\x00\xd8@\x00", dst="", nil, 10) p ec.primitive_errinfo #=> [:invalid_byte_sequence, "UTF-16LE", "UTF-8", "\x00\xD8", "@\x00"] p src #=> ""
Returns an exception object for the last conversion. Returns nil if the last conversion did not produce an error.
“error” means that Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError and Encoding::UndefinedConversionError for Encoding::Converter#convert and :invalid_byte_sequence, :incomplete_input and :undefined_conversion for Encoding::Converter#primitive_convert.
ec = Encoding::Converter.new("utf-8", "iso-8859-1") p ec.primitive_convert(src="\xf1abcd", dst="") #=> :invalid_byte_sequence p ec.last_error #=> #<Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError: "\xF1" followed by "a" on UTF-8> p ec.primitive_convert(src, dst, nil, 1) #=> :destination_buffer_full p ec.last_error #=> nil
Reads the file from pathname, then parses it like ::parse, returning the root node of the abstract syntax tree.
SyntaxError is raised if pathname’s contents are not valid Ruby syntax.
RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("my-app/app.rb") # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-31:3>
See ::parse for explanation of keyword argument meaning and usage.
Generates a new key (pair).
If a String is given as the first argument, it generates a new random key for the algorithm specified by the name just as ::generate_parameters does. If an OpenSSL::PKey::PKey is given instead, it generates a new random key for the same algorithm as the key, using the parameters the key contains.
See ::generate_parameters for the details of options and the given block.
pkey_params = OpenSSL::PKey.generate_parameters("DSA", "dsa_paramgen_bits" => 2048) pkey_params.priv_key #=> nil pkey = OpenSSL::PKey.generate_key(pkey_params) pkey.priv_key #=> #<OpenSSL::BN 6277...
Mixes the bytes from str into the Pseudo Random Number Generator(PRNG) state.
Thus, if the data from str are unpredictable to an adversary, this increases the uncertainty about the state and makes the PRNG output less predictable.
The entropy argument is (the lower bound of) an estimate of how much randomness is contained in str, measured in bytes.
pid = $$ now = Time.now ary = [now.to_i, now.nsec, 1000, pid] OpenSSL::Random.add(ary.join, 0.0) OpenSSL::Random.seed(ary.join)
Generates a String with length number of cryptographically strong pseudo-random bytes.
OpenSSL::Random.random_bytes(12) #=> "..."
Sets the value for field 'Range'; see Range request header:
With argument length:
req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.set_range(100) # => 100 req['Range'] # => "bytes=0-99"
With arguments offset and length:
req.set_range(100, 100) # => 100...200 req['Range'] # => "bytes=100-199"
With argument range:
req.set_range(100..199) # => 100..199 req['Range'] # => "bytes=100-199"
Net::HTTPHeader#range= is an alias for Net::HTTPHeader#set_range.
Returns a Range object representing the value of field 'Content-Range', or nil if no such field exists; see Content-Range response header:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1') res['Content-Range'] # => nil res['Content-Range'] = 'bytes 0-499/1000' res['Content-Range'] # => "bytes 0-499/1000" res.content_range # => 0..499
Returns the integer representing length of the value of field 'Content-Range', or nil if no such field exists; see Content-Range response header:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1') res['Content-Range'] # => nil res['Content-Range'] = 'bytes 0-499/1000' res.range_length # => 500
Generate a random binary string.
The argument n specifies the length of the result string.
If n is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in future.
The result may contain any byte: “x00” - “xff”.
require 'random/formatter' Random.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6" # or prng = Random.new prng.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"
Internal interface to Random; Generate random data n bytes.
Generates formatted random number from raw random bytes. See Random#rand.
Displays an error statement to the error output location. Asks a question if given.
Displays a warning statement to the warning output location. Asks a question if given.
Terminates the RubyGems process with the given exit_code
Set the effective user ID, and if possible, the saved user ID of the process to the given user. Returns the new effective user ID. Not available on all platforms.
[Process.uid, Process.euid] #=> [0, 0] Process::UID.grant_privilege(31) #=> 31 [Process.uid, Process.euid] #=> [0, 31]
Set the effective group ID, and if possible, the saved group ID of the process to the given group. Returns the new effective group ID. Not available on all platforms.
[Process.gid, Process.egid] #=> [0, 0] Process::GID.grant_privilege(31) #=> 33 [Process.gid, Process.egid] #=> [0, 33]
def foo(&bar); end ^^^^
A block’s parameters.
def foo(…); bar(…); end ^^^