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Executes the block for every line in the stream where lines are separated by eol.

See also gets

Reads a one-character string from the stream. Raises an EOFError at end of file.

With a block, returns the string value for key if it exists; otherwise returns the value of the block; ignores the default_val; see Fields:

res = Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')

# Field exists; block not called.
res.fetch('Connection') do |value|
  fail 'Cannot happen'
end # => "keep-alive"

# Field does not exist; block called.
res.fetch('Nosuch') do |value|
  value.downcase
end # => "nosuch"

With no block, returns the string value for key if it exists; otherwise, returns default_val if it was given; otherwise raises an exception:

res.fetch('Connection', 'Foo') # => "keep-alive"
res.fetch('Nosuch', 'Foo')     # => "Foo"
res.fetch('Nosuch')            # Raises KeyError.
No documentation available

Returns true if field 'Transfer-Encoding' exists and has value 'chunked', false otherwise; see Transfer-Encoding response header:

res = Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, '/todos/1')
res['Transfer-Encoding'] # => "chunked"
res.chunked?             # => true

returns a charset parameter in Content-Type field. It is downcased for canonicalization.

If charset parameter is not given but a block is given, the block is called and its result is returned. It can be used to guess charset.

If charset parameter and block is not given, nil is returned except text type. In that case, “utf-8” is returned as defined by RFC6838 4.2.1

Generate a string that randomly draws from a source array of characters.

The argument source specifies the array of characters from which to generate the string. The argument n specifies the length, in characters, of the string to be generated.

The result may contain whatever characters are in the source array.

require 'random/formatter'

prng.choose([*'l'..'r'], 16) #=> "lmrqpoonmmlqlron"
prng.choose([*'0'..'9'], 5)  #=> "27309"

Switch the effective and real user IDs of the current process. If a block is given, the user IDs will be switched back after the block is executed. Returns the new effective user ID if called without a block, and the return value of the block if one is given.

Switch the effective and real group IDs of the current process. If a block is given, the group IDs will be switched back after the block is executed. Returns the new effective group ID if called without a block, and the return value of the block if one is given.

With a block given, iterates over the elements of self, passing each array index to the block; returns self:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index|  puts "#{index} #{a[index]}" }

Output:

0 foo
1 bar
2 2

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
a.each_index {|index| puts index; a.clear if index > 0 }
a # => []

Output:

0
1

With no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Iterating.

When a block given, iterates backwards over the elements of self, passing, in reverse order, each element to the block; returns self:

a = []
[0, 1, 2].reverse_each {|element| a.push(element) }
a # => [2, 1, 0]

Allows the array to be modified during iteration:

a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
a.reverse_each {|element| a.clear if element.start_with?('b') }
a # => []

When no block given, returns a new Enumerator.

Related: see Methods for Iterating.

Returns the integer index of the element from self found by a binary search, or nil if the search found no suitable element.

See Binary Searching.

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

With no block given, returns a new array containing the elements of self at the offsets specified by indexes. Each of the indexes must be an integer-convertible object:

a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
a.fetch_values(2, 0)   # => [:baz, :foo]
a.fetch_values(2.1, 0) # => [:baz, :foo]
a.fetch_values         # => []

For a negative index, counts backwards from the end of the array:

a.fetch_values(-2, -1) # [:bar, :baz]

When no block is given, raises an exception if any index is out of range.

With a block given, for each index:

Example:

a = [:foo, :bar, :baz]
a.fetch_values(1, 0, 42, 777) { |index| index.to_s }
# => [:bar, :foo, "42", "777"]

Related: see Methods for Fetching.

With a block given, forms the substrings (“lines”) that are the result of splitting self at each occurrence of the given line separator line_sep; passes each line to the block; returns self:

s = <<~EOT
This is the first line.
This is line two.

This is line four.
This is line five.
EOT

s.each_line {|line| p line }

Output:

"This is the first line.\n"
"This is line two.\n"
"\n"
"This is line four.\n"
"This is line five.\n"

With a different line_sep:

s.each_line(' is ') {|line| p line }

Output:

"This is "
"the first line.\nThis is "
"line two.\n\nThis is "
"line four.\nThis is "
"line five.\n"

With chomp as true, removes the trailing line_sep from each line:

s.each_line(chomp: true) {|line| p line }

Output:

"This is the first line."
"This is line two."
""
"This is line four."
"This is line five."

With an empty string as line_sep, forms and passes “paragraphs” by splitting at each occurrence of two or more newlines:

s.each_line('') {|line| p line }

Output:

"This is the first line.\nThis is line two.\n\n"
"This is line four.\nThis is line five.\n"

With no block given, returns an enumerator.

Calls the given block with each successive byte from self; returns self:

'hello'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
print "\n"
'тест'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
print "\n"
'こんにちは'.each_byte {|byte| print byte, ' ' }
print "\n"

Output:

104 101 108 108 111
209 130 208 181 209 129 209 130
227 129 147 227 130 147 227 129 171 227 129 161 227 129 175

Returns an enumerator if no block is given.

Calls the given block with each successive codepoint from self; each codepoint is the integer value for a character; returns self:

'hello'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
print "\n"
'тест'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
print "\n"
'こんにちは'.each_codepoint {|codepoint| print codepoint, ' ' }
print "\n"

Output:

104 101 108 108 111
1090 1077 1089 1090
12371 12435 12395 12385 12399

Returns an enumerator if no block is given.

Sets the Fiber scheduler for the current thread. If the scheduler is set, non-blocking fibers (created by Fiber.new with blocking: false, or by Fiber.schedule) call that scheduler’s hook methods on potentially blocking operations, and the current thread will call scheduler’s close method on finalization (allowing the scheduler to properly manage all non-finished fibers).

scheduler can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::Scheduler. Its implementation is up to the user.

See also the “Non-blocking fibers” section in class docs.

Returns the Fiber scheduler, that was last set for the current thread with Fiber.set_scheduler if and only if the current fiber is non-blocking.

Returns the locale charmap name. It returns nil if no appropriate information.

Debian GNU/Linux
  LANG=C
    Encoding.locale_charmap  #=> "ANSI_X3.4-1968"
  LANG=ja_JP.EUC-JP
    Encoding.locale_charmap  #=> "EUC-JP"

SunOS 5
  LANG=C
    Encoding.locale_charmap  #=> "646"
  LANG=ja
    Encoding.locale_charmap  #=> "eucJP"

The result is highly platform dependent. So Encoding.find(Encoding.locale_charmap) may cause an error. If you need some encoding object even for unknown locale, Encoding.find(“locale”) can be used.

Calls the block with each remaining line read from the stream; returns self. Does nothing if already at end-of-stream; See Line IO.

With no arguments given, reads lines as determined by line separator $/:

f = File.new('t.txt')
f.each_line {|line| p line }
f.each_line {|line| fail 'Cannot happen' }
f.close

Output:

"First line\n"
"Second line\n"
"\n"
"Fourth line\n"
"Fifth line\n"

With only string argument sep given, reads lines as determined by line separator sep; see Line Separator:

f = File.new('t.txt')
f.each_line('li') {|line| p line }
f.close

Output:

"First li"
"ne\nSecond li"
"ne\n\nFourth li"
"ne\nFifth li"
"ne\n"

The two special values for sep are honored:

f = File.new('t.txt')
# Get all into one string.
f.each_line(nil) {|line| p line }
f.close

Output:

"First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"

f.rewind
# Get paragraphs (up to two line separators).
f.each_line('') {|line| p line }

Output:

"First line\nSecond line\n\n"
"Fourth line\nFifth line\n"

With only integer argument limit given, limits the number of bytes in each line; see Line Limit:

f = File.new('t.txt')
f.each_line(8) {|line| p line }
f.close

Output:

"First li"
"ne\n"
"Second l"
"ine\n"
"\n"
"Fourth l"
"ine\n"
"Fifth li"
"ne\n"

With arguments sep and limit given, combines the two behaviors (see Line Separator and Line Limit).

Optional keyword argument chomp specifies whether line separators are to be omitted:

f = File.new('t.txt')
f.each_line(chomp: true) {|line| p line }
f.close

Output:

"First line"
"Second line"
""
"Fourth line"
"Fifth line"

Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.

Calls the given block with each byte (0..255) in the stream; returns self. See Byte IO.

f = File.new('t.rus')
a = []
f.each_byte {|b| a << b }
a # => [209, 130, 208, 181, 209, 129, 209, 130]
f.close

Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.

Related: IO#each_char, IO#each_codepoint.

Calls the given block with each codepoint in the stream; returns self:

f = File.new('t.rus')
a = []
f.each_codepoint {|c| a << c }
a # => [1090, 1077, 1089, 1090]
f.close

Returns an Enumerator if no block is given.

Related: IO#each_byte, IO#each_char.

With a block given, passes each element of self to the block in reverse order:

a = []
(1..4).reverse_each {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1..4
a # => [4, 3, 2, 1]

a = []
(1...4).reverse_each {|element| a.push(element) } # => 1...4
a # => [3, 2, 1]

With no block given, returns an enumerator.

With no argument, returns the value of $~, which is the result of the most recent pattern match (see Regexp global variables):

/c(.)t/ =~ 'cat'  # => 0
Regexp.last_match # => #<MatchData "cat" 1:"a">
/a/ =~ 'foo'      # => nil
Regexp.last_match # => nil

With non-negative integer argument n, returns the _n_th field in the matchdata, if any, or nil if none:

/c(.)t/ =~ 'cat'     # => 0
Regexp.last_match(0) # => "cat"
Regexp.last_match(1) # => "a"
Regexp.last_match(2) # => nil

With negative integer argument n, counts backwards from the last field:

Regexp.last_match(-1)       # => "a"

With string or symbol argument name, returns the string value for the named capture, if any:

/(?<lhs>\w+)\s*=\s*(?<rhs>\w+)/ =~ 'var = val'
Regexp.last_match        # => #<MatchData "var = val" lhs:"var"rhs:"val">
Regexp.last_match(:lhs)  # => "var"
Regexp.last_match('rhs') # => "val"
Regexp.last_match('foo') # Raises IndexError.
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