ScriptError is the superclass for errors raised when a script can not be executed because of a LoadError, NotImplementedError or a SyntaxError. Note these type of ScriptErrors are not StandardError and will not be rescued unless it is specified explicitly (or its ancestor Exception).
Raised when a feature is not implemented on the current platform. For example, methods depending on the fsync or fork system calls may raise this exception if the underlying operating system or Ruby runtime does not support them.
Note that if fork raises a NotImplementedError, then respond_to?(:fork) returns false.
A generic error class raised when an invalid operation is attempted. Kernel#raise will raise a RuntimeError if no Exception class is specified.
raise "ouch"
raises the exception:
RuntimeError: ouch
No longer used by internal code.
OLEProperty is a helper class of Property with arguments, used by olegen.rb-generated files.
Raised when an IO operation fails.
File.open("/etc/hosts") {|f| f << "example"} #=> IOError: not opened for writing File.open("/etc/hosts") {|f| f.close; f.read } #=> IOError: closed stream
Note that some IO failures raise SystemCallErrors and these are not subclasses of IOError:
File.open("does/not/exist") #=> Errno::ENOENT: No such file or directory - does/not/exist
The exception class which will be raised when pushing into a closed Queue. See Thread::Queue#close and Thread::SizedQueue#close.
The Comparable mixin is used by classes whose objects may be ordered. The class must define the <=> operator, which compares the receiver against another object, returning a value less than 0, returning 0, or returning a value greater than 0, depending on whether the receiver is less than, equal to, or greater than the other object. If the other object is not comparable then the <=> operator should return nil. Comparable uses <=> to implement the conventional comparison operators (<, <=, ==, >=, and >) and the method between?.
class StringSorter include Comparable attr :str def <=>(other) str.size <=> other.str.size end def initialize(str) @str = str end def inspect @str end end s1 = StringSorter.new("Z") s2 = StringSorter.new("YY") s3 = StringSorter.new("XXX") s4 = StringSorter.new("WWWW") s5 = StringSorter.new("VVVVV") s1 < s2 #=> true s4.between?(s1, s3) #=> false s4.between?(s3, s5) #=> true [ s3, s2, s5, s4, s1 ].sort #=> [Z, YY, XXX, WWWW, VVVVV]
Module Comparable provides these methods, all of which use method <=>:
<: Returns whether self is less than the given object.
<=: Returns whether self is less than or equal to the given object.
==: Returns whether self is equal to the given object.
>: Returns whether self is greater than the given object.
>=: Returns whether self is greater than or equal to the given object.
between?: Returns true if self is between two given objects.
clamp: For given objects min and max, or range (min..max), returns:
min if (self <=> min) < 0.
max if (self <=> max) > 0.
self otherwise.
This library is an interface to secure random number generators which are suitable for generating session keys in HTTP cookies, etc.
You can use this library in your application by requiring it:
require 'securerandom'
It supports the following secure random number generators:
openssl
/dev/urandom
SecureRandom is extended by the Random::Formatter module which defines the following methods:
alphanumeric
base64
choose
gen_random
hex
rand
random_bytes
random_number
urlsafe_base64
uuid
These methods are usable as class methods of SecureRandom such as SecureRandom.hex.
If a secure random number generator is not available, NotImplementedError is raised.
The marshaling library converts collections of Ruby objects into a byte stream, allowing them to be stored outside the currently active script. This data may subsequently be read and the original objects reconstituted.
Marshaled data has major and minor version numbers stored along with the object information. In normal use, marshaling can only load data written with the same major version number and an equal or lower minor version number. If Ruby’s “verbose” flag is set (normally using -d, -v, -w, or –verbose) the major and minor numbers must match exactly. Marshal versioning is independent of Ruby’s version numbers. You can extract the version by reading the first two bytes of marshaled data.
str = Marshal.dump("thing") RUBY_VERSION #=> "1.9.0" str[0].ord #=> 4 str[1].ord #=> 8
Some objects cannot be dumped: if the objects to be dumped include bindings, procedure or method objects, instances of class IO, or singleton objects, a TypeError will be raised.
If your class has special serialization needs (for example, if you want to serialize in some specific format), or if it contains objects that would otherwise not be serializable, you can implement your own serialization strategy.
There are two methods of doing this, your object can define either marshal_dump and marshal_load or _dump and _load. marshal_dump will take precedence over _dump if both are defined. marshal_dump may result in smaller Marshal strings.
By design, Marshal.load can deserialize almost any class loaded into the Ruby process. In many cases this can lead to remote code execution if the Marshal data is loaded from an untrusted source.
As a result, Marshal.load is not suitable as a general purpose serialization format and you should never unmarshal user supplied input or other untrusted data.
If you need to deserialize untrusted data, use JSON or another serialization format that is only able to load simple, ‘primitive’ types such as String, Array, Hash, etc. Never allow user input to specify arbitrary types to deserialize into.
When dumping an object the method marshal_dump will be called. marshal_dump must return a result containing the information necessary for marshal_load to reconstitute the object. The result can be any object.
When loading an object dumped using marshal_dump the object is first allocated then marshal_load is called with the result from marshal_dump. marshal_load must recreate the object from the information in the result.
Example:
class MyObj def initialize name, version, data @name = name @version = version @data = data end def marshal_dump [@name, @version] end def marshal_load array @name, @version = array end end
Use _dump and _load when you need to allocate the object you’re restoring yourself.
When dumping an object the instance method _dump is called with an Integer which indicates the maximum depth of objects to dump (a value of -1 implies that you should disable depth checking). _dump must return a String containing the information necessary to reconstitute the object.
The class method _load should take a String and use it to return an object of the same class.
Example:
class MyObj def initialize name, version, data @name = name @version = version @data = data end def _dump level [@name, @version].join ':' end def self._load args new(*args.split(':')) end end
Since Marshal.dump outputs a string you can have _dump return a Marshal string which is Marshal.loaded in _load for complex objects.
Mixin methods for –version and –platform Gem::Command options.
Represents an optional keyword parameter to a method, block, or lambda definition.
def a(b: 1)
^^^^
end
Represents an optional parameter to a method, block, or lambda definition.
def a(b = 1)
^^^^^
end
Represents an alternation pattern in pattern matching.
foo => bar | baz
^^^^^^^^^
Potentially raised when a specification is validated.
This exception is raised if a parser error occurs.
Mixin methods for security option for Gem::Commands
Module that defines the default UserInteraction. Any class including this module will have access to the ui method that returns the default UI.
UserInteraction allows RubyGems to interact with the user through standard methods that can be replaced with more-specific UI methods for different displays.
Since UserInteraction dispatches to a concrete UI class you may need to reference other classes for specific behavior such as Gem::ConsoleUI or Gem::SilentUI.
Example:
class X include Gem::UserInteraction def get_answer n = ask("What is the meaning of life?") end end