Extracts data from self
, forming objects that become the elements of a new array; returns that array. See Packed Data.
Like String#unpack
, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object. See Packed Data.
Returns an unescaped version of self
:
s_orig = "\f\x00\xff\\\"" # => "\f\u0000\xFF\\\"" s_dumped = s_orig.dump # => "\"\\f\\x00\\xFF\\\\\\\"\"" s_undumped = s_dumped.undump # => "\f\u0000\xFF\\\"" s_undumped == s_orig # => true
Related: String#dump
(inverse of String#undump
).
Returns the total number of characters in self
that are specified by the given selectors
(see Multiple Character Selectors):
a = "hello world" a.count "lo" #=> 5 a.count "lo", "o" #=> 2 a.count "hello", "^l" #=> 4 a.count "ej-m" #=> 4 "hello^world".count "\\^aeiou" #=> 4 "hello-world".count "a\\-eo" #=> 4 c = "hello world\\r\\n" c.count "\\" #=> 2 c.count "\\A" #=> 0 c.count "X-\\w" #=> 3
Returns self
rounded to the nearest value with a precision of ndigits
decimal digits.
When ndigits
is non-negative, returns a float with ndigits
after the decimal point (as available):
f = 12345.6789 f.round(1) # => 12345.7 f.round(3) # => 12345.679 f = -12345.6789 f.round(1) # => -12345.7 f.round(3) # => -12345.679
When ndigits
is negative, returns an integer with at least ndigits.abs
trailing zeros:
f = 12345.6789 f.round(0) # => 12346 f.round(-3) # => 12000 f = -12345.6789 f.round(0) # => -12346 f.round(-3) # => -12000
If keyword argument half
is given, and self
is equidistant from the two candidate values, the rounding is according to the given half
value:
:up
or nil
: round away from zero:
2.5.round(half: :up) # => 3 3.5.round(half: :up) # => 4 (-2.5).round(half: :up) # => -3
:down
: round toward zero:
2.5.round(half: :down) # => 2 3.5.round(half: :down) # => 3 (-2.5).round(half: :down) # => -2
:even
: round toward the candidate whose last nonzero digit is even:
2.5.round(half: :even) # => 2 3.5.round(half: :even) # => 4 (-2.5).round(half: :even) # => -2
Raises and exception if the value for half
is invalid.
Related: Float#truncate
.
Returns self
truncated (toward zero) to a precision of ndigits
decimal digits.
When ndigits
is positive, returns a float with ndigits
digits after the decimal point (as available):
f = 12345.6789 f.truncate(1) # => 12345.6 f.truncate(3) # => 12345.678 f = -12345.6789 f.truncate(1) # => -12345.6 f.truncate(3) # => -12345.678
When ndigits
is negative, returns an integer with at least ndigits.abs
trailing zeros:
f = 12345.6789 f.truncate(0) # => 12345 f.truncate(-3) # => 12000 f = -12345.6789 f.truncate(0) # => -12345 f.truncate(-3) # => -12000
Note that the limited precision of floating-point arithmetic may lead to surprising results:
(0.3 / 0.1).truncate #=> 2 (!)
Related: Float#round
.
Returns:
1, if self
is Infinity
.
-1 if self
is -Infinity
.
nil
, otherwise.
Examples:
f = 1.0/0.0 # => Infinity f.infinite? # => 1 f = -1.0/0.0 # => -Infinity f.infinite? # => -1 f = 1.0 # => 1.0 f.infinite? # => nil f = 0.0/0.0 # => NaN f.infinite? # => nil
Returns true
if self
is not Infinity
, -Infinity
, or NaN
, false
otherwise:
f = 2.0 # => 2.0 f.finite? # => true f = 1.0/0.0 # => Infinity f.finite? # => false f = -1.0/0.0 # => -Infinity f.finite? # => false f = 0.0/0.0 # => NaN f.finite? # => false
Removes the directory at dirpath
from the underlying file system:
Dir.rmdir('foo') # => 0
Raises an exception if the directory is not empty.
Deletes the named files, returning the number of names passed as arguments. Raises an exception on any error. Since the underlying implementation relies on the unlink(2)
system call, the type of exception raised depends on its error type (see linux.die.net/man/2/unlink) and has the form of e.g. Errno::ENOENT.
See also Dir::rmdir
.
Truncates the file file_name to be at most integer bytes long. Not available on all platforms.
f = File.new("out", "w") f.write("1234567890") #=> 10 f.close #=> nil File.truncate("out", 5) #=> 0 File.size("out") #=> 5
Truncates file to at most integer bytes. The file must be opened for writing. Not available on all platforms.
f = File.new("out", "w") f.syswrite("1234567890") #=> 10 f.truncate(5) #=> 0 f.close() #=> nil File.size("out") #=> 5
Round to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a BigDecimal
if n is specified, or as an Integer
if it isn’t.
BigDecimal('3.14159').round #=> 3 BigDecimal('8.7').round #=> 9 BigDecimal('-9.9').round #=> -10 BigDecimal('3.14159').round(2).class.name #=> "BigDecimal" BigDecimal('3.14159').round.class.name #=> "Integer"
If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.
If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result, and return value will be an Integer
.
BigDecimal('3.14159').round(3) #=> 3.142 BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300
The value of the optional mode argument can be used to determine how rounding is performed; see BigDecimal.mode
.
Returns nil, -1, or +1 depending on whether the value is finite, -Infinity, or +Infinity.
Returns True if the value is finite (not NaN or infinite).
Truncate to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a BigDecimal
.
BigDecimal('3.14159').truncate #=> 3 BigDecimal('8.7').truncate #=> 8 BigDecimal('-9.9').truncate #=> -9
If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.
If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result.
BigDecimal('3.14159').truncate(3) #=> 3.141 BigDecimal('13345.234').truncate(-2) #=> 13300.0
Returns rat
truncated (toward zero) to a precision of ndigits
decimal digits (default: 0).
When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer with at least ndigits.abs
trailing zeros.
Returns a rational when ndigits
is positive, otherwise returns an integer.
Rational(3).truncate #=> 3 Rational(2, 3).truncate #=> 0 Rational(-3, 2).truncate #=> -1 # decimal - 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 # ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ # precision -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Rational('-123.456').truncate(+1).to_f #=> -123.4 Rational('-123.456').truncate(-1) #=> -120
Returns rat
rounded to the nearest value with a precision of ndigits
decimal digits (default: 0).
When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer with at least ndigits.abs
trailing zeros.
Returns a rational when ndigits
is positive, otherwise returns an integer.
Rational(3).round #=> 3 Rational(2, 3).round #=> 1 Rational(-3, 2).round #=> -2 # decimal - 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 # ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ # precision -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Rational('-123.456').round(+1).to_f #=> -123.5 Rational('-123.456').round(-1) #=> -120
The optional half
keyword argument is available similar to Float#round
.
Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :up) #=> (3/10) Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :down) #=> (1/5) Rational(25, 100).round(1, half: :even) #=> (1/5) Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :up) #=> (2/5) Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :down) #=> (3/10) Rational(35, 100).round(1, half: :even) #=> (2/5) Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :up) #=> (-3/10) Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :down) #=> (-1/5) Rational(-25, 100).round(1, half: :even) #=> (-1/5)
Returns true
if self
is a Sunday, false
otherwise.
Returns false
Returns a new Time
object whose numeric value is that of self
, with its seconds value rounded to precision ndigits
:
t = Time.utc(2010, 3, 30, 5, 43, 25.123456789r) t # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25.123456789 UTC t.round # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25 UTC t.round(0) # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25 UTC t.round(1) # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25.1 UTC t.round(2) # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25.12 UTC t.round(3) # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25.123 UTC t.round(4) # => 2010-03-30 05:43:25.1235 UTC t = Time.utc(1999, 12,31, 23, 59, 59) t # => 1999-12-31 23:59:59 UTC (t + 0.4).round # => 1999-12-31 23:59:59 UTC (t + 0.49).round # => 1999-12-31 23:59:59 UTC (t + 0.5).round # => 2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (t + 1.4).round # => 2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (t + 1.49).round # => 2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (t + 1.5).round # => 2000-01-01 00:00:01 UTC
Related: Time#ceil
, Time#floor
.
Returns true
if self
represents a Sunday, false
otherwise:
t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 2) # => 2000-01-02 00:00:00 UTC t.sunday? # => true
Related: Time#monday?
, Time#tuesday?
, Time#wednesday?
.