RefError is raised when a referenced object has been recycled by the garbage collector
Raised when a mathematical function is evaluated outside of its domain of definition.
For example, since cos returns values in the range -1..1, its inverse function acos is only defined on that interval:
Math.acos(42)
produces:
Math::DomainError: Numerical argument is out of domain - "acos"
Raised on attempt to Ractor#take if there was an uncaught exception in the Ractor. Its cause will contain the original exception, and ractor is the original ractor it was raised in.
r = Ractor.new { raise "Something weird happened" } begin r.take rescue => e p e # => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.> p e.ractor == r # => true p e.cause # => #<RuntimeError: Something weird happened> end
Raised on an attempt to access an object which was moved in Ractor#send or Ractor.yield.
r = Ractor.new { sleep } ary = [1, 2, 3] r.send(ary, move: true) ary.inspect # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
This is not an existing class, but documentation of the interface that Scheduler object should comply to in order to be used as argument to Fiber.scheduler and handle non-blocking fibers. See also the “Non-blocking fibers” section in Fiber class docs for explanations of some concepts.
Scheduler’s behavior and usage are expected to be as follows:
When the execution in the non-blocking Fiber reaches some blocking operation (like sleep, wait for a process, or a non-ready I/O), it calls some of the scheduler’s hook methods, listed below.
Scheduler somehow registers what the current fiber is waiting on, and yields control to other fibers with Fiber.yield (so the fiber would be suspended while expecting its wait to end, and other fibers in the same thread can perform)
At the end of the current thread execution, the scheduler’s method scheduler_close is called
The scheduler runs into a wait loop, checking all the blocked fibers (which it has registered on hook calls) and resuming them when the awaited resource is ready (e.g. I/O ready or sleep time elapsed).
This way concurrent execution will be achieved transparently for every individual Fiber’s code.
Scheduler implementations are provided by gems, like Async.
Hook methods are:
io_wait, io_read, io_write, io_pread, io_pwrite, and io_select, io_close
(the list is expanded as Ruby developers make more methods having non-blocking calls)
When not specified otherwise, the hook implementations are mandatory: if they are not implemented, the methods trying to call hook will fail. To provide backward compatibility, in the future hooks will be optional (if they are not implemented, due to the scheduler being created for the older Ruby version, the code which needs this hook will not fail, and will just behave in a blocking fashion).
It is also strongly recommended that the scheduler implements the fiber method, which is delegated to by Fiber.schedule.
Sample toy implementation of the scheduler can be found in Ruby’s code, in test/fiber/scheduler.rb
Module File::Constants defines file-related constants.
There are two families of constants here:
Those having to do with file access.
Those having to do with filename globbing.
File constants defined for the local process may be retrieved with method File::Constants.constants:
File::Constants.constants.take(5) # => [:RDONLY, :WRONLY, :RDWR, :APPEND, :CREAT]
File-access constants may be used with optional argument mode in calls to the following methods:
Read-write access for a stream may be specified by a file-access constant.
The constant may be specified as part of a bitwise OR of other such constants.
Any combination of the constants in this section may be specified.
Flag File::RDONLY specifies the the stream should be opened for reading only:
filepath = '/tmp/t.tmp' f = File.new(filepath, File::RDONLY) f.write('Foo') # Raises IOError (not opened for writing).
Flag File::WRONLY specifies that the stream should be opened for writing only:
f = File.new(filepath, File::WRONLY) f.read # Raises IOError (not opened for reading).
Flag File::RDWR specifies that the stream should be opened for both reading and writing:
f = File.new(filepath, File::RDWR) f.write('Foo') # => 3 f.rewind # => 0 f.read # => "Foo"
Flag File::APPEND specifies that the stream should be opened in append mode.
Before each write operation, the position is set to end-of-stream. The modification of the position and the following write operation are performed as a single atomic step.
Flag File::TRUNC specifies that the stream should be truncated at its beginning. If the file exists and is successfully opened for writing, it is to be truncated to position zero; its ctime and mtime are updated.
There is no effect on a FIFO special file or a terminal device. The effect on other file types is implementation-defined. The result of using File::TRUNC with File::RDONLY is undefined.
Flag File::CREAT specifies that the stream should be created if it does not already exist.
If the file exists:
- Raise an exception if File::EXCL is also specified. - Otherwise, do nothing.
If the file does not exist, then it is created. Upon successful completion, the atime, ctime, and mtime of the file are updated, and the ctime and mtime of the parent directory are updated.
Flag File::EXCL specifies that the stream should not already exist; If flags File::CREAT and File::EXCL are both specified and the stream already exists, an exception is raised.
The check for the existence and creation of the file is performed as an atomic operation.
If both File::EXCL and File::CREAT are specified and the path names a symbolic link, an exception is raised regardless of the contents of the symbolic link.
If File::EXCL is specified and File::CREAT is not specified, the result is undefined.
Some file-access constants are defined only on POSIX-compliant systems; those are:
File::SYNC.
File::DSYNC.
File::RSYNC.
File::DIRECT.
File::NOATIME.
File::NOCTTY.
File::NOFOLLOW.
File::TMPFILE.
Flag File::SYNC, File::RSYNC, or File::DSYNC specifies synchronization of I/O operations with the underlying file system.
These flags are valid only for POSIX-compliant systems.
File::SYNC specifies that all write operations (both data and metadata) are immediately to be flushed to the underlying storage device. This means that the data is written to the storage device, and the file’s metadata (e.g., file size, timestamps, permissions) are also synchronized. This guarantees that data is safely stored on the storage medium before returning control to the calling program. This flag can have a significant impact on performance since it requires synchronous writes, which can be slower compared to asynchronous writes.
File::RSYNC specifies that any read operations on the file will not return until all outstanding write operations (those that have been issued but not completed) are also synchronized. This is useful when you want to read the most up-to-date data, which may still be in the process of being written.
File::DSYNC specifies that all data write operations are immediately to be flushed to the underlying storage device; this differs from File::SYNC, which requires that metadata also be synchronized.
Note that the behavior of these flags may vary slightly depending on the operating system and filesystem being used. Additionally, using these flags can have an impact on performance due to the synchronous nature of the I/O operations, so they should be used judiciously, especially in performance-critical applications.
Flag File::NOCTTY specifies that if the stream is a terminal device, that device does not become the controlling terminal for the process.
Defined only for POSIX-compliant systems.
Flag File::DIRECT requests that cache effects of the I/O to and from the stream be minimized.
Defined only for POSIX-compliant systems.
Flag File::NOATIME specifies that act of opening the stream should not modify its access time (atime).
Defined only for POSIX-compliant systems.
Flag File::NOFOLLOW specifies that if path is a symbolic link, it should not be followed.
Defined only for POSIX-compliant systems.
Flag File::TMPFILE specifies that the opened stream should be a new temporary file.
Defined only for POSIX-compliant systems.
When possible, the file is opened in nonblocking mode. Neither the open operation nor any subsequent I/O operations on the file will cause the calling process to wait.
Flag File::BINARY specifies that the stream is to be accessed in binary mode.
Flag File::SHARE_DELETE enables other processes to open the stream with delete access.
If the stream is opened for (local) delete access without File::SHARE_DELETE, and another process attempts to open it with delete access, the attempt fails and the stream is not opened for that process.
Four file constants relate to stream locking; see File#flock:
Flag File::LOCK_EX specifies an exclusive lock; only one process a a time may lock the stream.
Flag File::LOCK_NB specifies non-blocking locking for the stream; may be combined with File::LOCK_EX or File::LOCK_SH.
Flag File::LOCK_SH specifies that multiple processes may lock the stream at the same time.
Flag File::LOCK_UN specifies that the stream is not to be locked.
Filename-globbing constants may be used with optional argument flags in calls to the following methods:
The constants are:
Flag File::FNM_CASEFOLD makes patterns case insensitive for File.fnmatch (but not Dir.glob).
Flag File::FNM_DOTMATCH makes the '*' pattern match a filename starting with '.'.
Flag File::FNM_EXTGLOB enables pattern '{a,b}', which matches pattern ‘a’ and pattern ‘b’; behaves like a regexp union (e.g., '(?:a|b)'):
pattern = '{LEGAL,BSDL}' Dir.glob(pattern) # => ["LEGAL", "BSDL"] Pathname.glob(pattern) # => [#<Pathname:LEGAL>, #<Pathname:BSDL>] pathname.glob(pattern) # => [#<Pathname:LEGAL>, #<Pathname:BSDL>]
Flag File::FNM_NOESCAPE disables '\' escaping.
Flag File::FNM_PATHNAME specifies that patterns '*' and '?' do not match the directory separator (the value of constant File::SEPARATOR).
Flag File::FNM_SHORTNAME Allows patterns to match short names if they exist.
Flag File::FNM_SYSCASE specifies that case sensitivity is the same as in the underlying operating system; effective for File.fnmatch, but not Dir.glob.
Flag File::NULL contains the string value of the null device:
On a Unix-like OS, '/dev/null'.
On Windows, 'NUL'.
A DSL that provides the means to dynamically load libraries and build modules around them including calling extern functions within the C library that has been loaded.
require 'fiddle' require 'fiddle/import' module LibSum extend Fiddle::Importer dlload './libsum.so' extern 'double sum(double*, int)' extern 'double split(double)' end
Used to construct C classes (CUnion, CStruct, etc)
Fiddle::Importer#struct and Fiddle::Importer#union wrap this functionality in an easy-to-use manner.
OpenSSL IO buffering mix-in module.
This module allows an OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket to behave like an IO.
You typically won’t use this module directly, you can see it implemented in OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.
Provides classes and methods to request, create and validate RFC3161-compliant timestamps. Request may be used to either create requests from scratch or to parse existing requests that again can be used to request timestamps from a timestamp server, e.g. via the net/http. The resulting timestamp response may be parsed using Response.
Please note that Response is read-only and immutable. To create a Response, an instance of Factory as well as a valid Request are needed.
#Assumes ts.p12 is a PKCS#12-compatible file with a private key #and a certificate that has an extended key usage of 'timeStamping' p12 = OpenSSL::PKCS12.new(File.binread('ts.p12'), 'pwd') md = OpenSSL::Digest.new('SHA1') hash = md.digest(data) #some binary data to be timestamped req = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new req.algorithm = 'SHA1' req.message_imprint = hash req.policy_id = "1.2.3.4.5" req.nonce = 42 fac = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Factory.new fac.gen_time = Time.now fac.serial_number = 1 timestamp = fac.create_timestamp(p12.key, p12.certificate, req)
#Assume we have a timestamp token in a file called ts.der
ts = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Response.new(File.binread('ts.der'))
#Assume we have the Request for this token in a file called req.der
req = OpenSSL::Timestamp::Request.new(File.binread('req.der'))
# Assume the associated root CA certificate is contained in a
# DER-encoded file named root.cer
root = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.binread('root.cer'))
# get the necessary intermediate certificates, available in
# DER-encoded form in inter1.cer and inter2.cer
inter1 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.binread('inter1.cer'))
inter2 = OpenSSL::X509::Certificate.new(File.binread('inter2.cer'))
ts.verify(req, root, inter1, inter2) -> ts or raises an exception if validation fails
Socket::Constants provides socket-related constants. All possible socket constants are listed in the documentation but they may not all be present on your platform.
If the underlying platform doesn’t define a constant the corresponding Ruby constant is not defined.
The WIN32OLE::VARIANT module includes constants of VARIANT type constants. The constants is used when creating WIN32OLE_VARIANT object.
obj = WIN32OLE_VARIANT.new("2e3", WIN32OLE::VARIANT::VT_R4) obj.value # => 2000.0
The GC profiler provides access to information on GC runs including time, length and object space size.
Example:
GC::Profiler.enable require 'rdoc/rdoc' GC::Profiler.report GC::Profiler.disable
See also GC.count, GC.malloc_allocated_size and GC.malloc_allocations