Returns true if the file at path new is newer than all the files at paths in array old_list; false otherwise.
Argument new and the elements of old_list should be interpretable as paths:
FileUtils.uptodate?('Rakefile', ['Gemfile', 'README.md']) # => true FileUtils.uptodate?('Gemfile', ['Rakefile', 'README.md']) # => false
A non-existent file is considered to be infinitely old.
Related: FileUtils.touch.
Returns true if the file at path new is newer than all the files at paths in array old_list; false otherwise.
Argument new and the elements of old_list should be interpretable as paths:
FileUtils.uptodate?('Rakefile', ['Gemfile', 'README.md']) # => true FileUtils.uptodate?('Gemfile', ['Rakefile', 'README.md']) # => false
A non-existent file is considered to be infinitely old.
Related: FileUtils.touch.
Allows the opening of various resources including URIs.
If the first argument responds to the ‘open’ method, ‘open’ is called on it with the rest of the arguments.
If the first argument is a string that begins with (protocol)://, it is parsed by URI.parse. If the parsed object responds to the ‘open’ method, ‘open’ is called on it with the rest of the arguments.
Otherwise, Kernel#open is called.
OpenURI::OpenRead#open provides URI::HTTP#open, URI::HTTPS#open and URI::FTP#open, Kernel#open.
We can accept URIs and strings that begin with http://, https:// and ftp://. In these cases, the opened file object is extended by OpenURI::Meta.
Open stdin, stdout, and stderr streams and start external executable. In addition, a thread to wait for the started process is created. The thread has a pid method and a thread variable :pid which is the pid of the started process.
Block form:
Open3.popen3([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thr = Open3.popen3([env,] cmd... [, opts]) pid = wait_thr[:pid] # pid of the started process ... stdin.close # stdin, stdout and stderr should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout.close stderr.close exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
The parameters env, cmd, and opts are passed to Process.spawn. A commandline string and a list of argument strings can be accepted as follows:
Open3.popen3("echo abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
Open3.popen3("echo", "abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
Open3.popen3(["echo", "argv0"], "abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
If the last parameter, opts, is a Hash, it is recognized as an option for Process.spawn.
Open3.popen3("pwd", :chdir=>"/") {|i,o,e,t| p o.read.chomp #=> "/" }
wait_thr.value waits for the termination of the process. The block form also waits for the process when it returns.
Closing stdin, stdout and stderr does not wait for the process to complete.
You should be careful to avoid deadlocks. Since pipes are fixed length buffers, Open3.popen3(“prog”) {|i, o, e, t| o.read } deadlocks if the program generates too much output on stderr. You should read stdout and stderr simultaneously (using threads or IO.select). However, if you don’t need stderr output, you can use Open3.popen2. If merged stdout and stderr output is not a problem, you can use Open3.popen2e. If you really need stdout and stderr output as separate strings, you can consider Open3.capture3.
Open stdin, stdout, and stderr streams and start external executable. In addition, a thread to wait for the started process is created. The thread has a pid method and a thread variable :pid which is the pid of the started process.
Block form:
Open3.popen3([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thr = Open3.popen3([env,] cmd... [, opts]) pid = wait_thr[:pid] # pid of the started process ... stdin.close # stdin, stdout and stderr should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout.close stderr.close exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
The parameters env, cmd, and opts are passed to Process.spawn. A commandline string and a list of argument strings can be accepted as follows:
Open3.popen3("echo abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
Open3.popen3("echo", "abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
Open3.popen3(["echo", "argv0"], "abc") {|i, o, e, t| ... }
If the last parameter, opts, is a Hash, it is recognized as an option for Process.spawn.
Open3.popen3("pwd", :chdir=>"/") {|i,o,e,t| p o.read.chomp #=> "/" }
wait_thr.value waits for the termination of the process. The block form also waits for the process when it returns.
Closing stdin, stdout and stderr does not wait for the process to complete.
You should be careful to avoid deadlocks. Since pipes are fixed length buffers, Open3.popen3(“prog”) {|i, o, e, t| o.read } deadlocks if the program generates too much output on stderr. You should read stdout and stderr simultaneously (using threads or IO.select). However, if you don’t need stderr output, you can use Open3.popen2. If merged stdout and stderr output is not a problem, you can use Open3.popen2e. If you really need stdout and stderr output as separate strings, you can consider Open3.capture3.
Open3.popen2 is similar to Open3.popen3 except that it doesn’t create a pipe for the standard error stream.
Block form:
Open3.popen2([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout, wait_thr = Open3.popen2([env,] cmd... [, opts]) ... stdin.close # stdin and stdout should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout.close
See Process.spawn for the optional hash arguments env and opts.
Example:
Open3.popen2("wc -c") {|i,o,t| i.print "answer to life the universe and everything" i.close p o.gets #=> "42\n" } Open3.popen2("bc -q") {|i,o,t| i.puts "obase=13" i.puts "6 * 9" p o.gets #=> "42\n" } Open3.popen2("dc") {|i,o,t| i.print "42P" i.close p o.read #=> "*" }
Open3.popen2 is similar to Open3.popen3 except that it doesn’t create a pipe for the standard error stream.
Block form:
Open3.popen2([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout, wait_thr = Open3.popen2([env,] cmd... [, opts]) ... stdin.close # stdin and stdout should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout.close
See Process.spawn for the optional hash arguments env and opts.
Example:
Open3.popen2("wc -c") {|i,o,t| i.print "answer to life the universe and everything" i.close p o.gets #=> "42\n" } Open3.popen2("bc -q") {|i,o,t| i.puts "obase=13" i.puts "6 * 9" p o.gets #=> "42\n" } Open3.popen2("dc") {|i,o,t| i.print "42P" i.close p o.read #=> "*" }
Open3.popen2e is similar to Open3.popen3 except that it merges the standard output stream and the standard error stream.
Block form:
Open3.popen2e([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thr = Open3.popen2e([env,] cmd... [, opts]) ... stdin.close # stdin and stdout_and_stderr should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout_and_stderr.close
See Process.spawn for the optional hash arguments env and opts.
Example:
# check gcc warnings
source = "foo.c"
Open3.popen2e("gcc", "-Wall", source) {|i,oe,t|
oe.each {|line|
if /warning/ =~ line
...
end
}
}
Open3.popen2e is similar to Open3.popen3 except that it merges the standard output stream and the standard error stream.
Block form:
Open3.popen2e([env,] cmd... [, opts]) {|stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thr|
pid = wait_thr.pid # pid of the started process.
...
exit_status = wait_thr.value # Process::Status object returned.
}
Non-block form:
stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thr = Open3.popen2e([env,] cmd... [, opts]) ... stdin.close # stdin and stdout_and_stderr should be closed explicitly in this form. stdout_and_stderr.close
See Process.spawn for the optional hash arguments env and opts.
Example:
# check gcc warnings
source = "foo.c"
Open3.popen2e("gcc", "-Wall", source) {|i,oe,t|
oe.each {|line|
if /warning/ =~ line
...
end
}
}
Open3.capture3 captures the standard output and the standard error of a command.
stdout_str, stderr_str, status = Open3.capture3([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Examples:
# dot is a command of graphviz. graph = <<'End' digraph g { a -> b } End drawn_graph, dot_log = Open3.capture3("dot -v", :stdin_data=>graph) o, e, s = Open3.capture3("echo abc; sort >&2", :stdin_data=>"foo\nbar\nbaz\n") p o #=> "abc\n" p e #=> "bar\nbaz\nfoo\n" p s #=> #<Process::Status: pid 32682 exit 0> # generate a thumbnail image using the convert command of ImageMagick. # However, if the image is really stored in a file, # system("convert", "-thumbnail", "80", "png:#{filename}", "png:-") is better # because of reduced memory consumption. # But if the image is stored in a DB or generated by the gnuplot Open3.capture2 example, # Open3.capture3 should be considered. # image = File.read("/usr/share/openclipart/png/animals/mammals/sheep-md-v0.1.png", :binmode=>true) thumbnail, err, s = Open3.capture3("convert -thumbnail 80 png:- png:-", :stdin_data=>image, :binmode=>true) if s.success? STDOUT.binmode; print thumbnail end
Open3.capture3 captures the standard output and the standard error of a command.
stdout_str, stderr_str, status = Open3.capture3([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Examples:
# dot is a command of graphviz. graph = <<'End' digraph g { a -> b } End drawn_graph, dot_log = Open3.capture3("dot -v", :stdin_data=>graph) o, e, s = Open3.capture3("echo abc; sort >&2", :stdin_data=>"foo\nbar\nbaz\n") p o #=> "abc\n" p e #=> "bar\nbaz\nfoo\n" p s #=> #<Process::Status: pid 32682 exit 0> # generate a thumbnail image using the convert command of ImageMagick. # However, if the image is really stored in a file, # system("convert", "-thumbnail", "80", "png:#{filename}", "png:-") is better # because of reduced memory consumption. # But if the image is stored in a DB or generated by the gnuplot Open3.capture2 example, # Open3.capture3 should be considered. # image = File.read("/usr/share/openclipart/png/animals/mammals/sheep-md-v0.1.png", :binmode=>true) thumbnail, err, s = Open3.capture3("convert -thumbnail 80 png:- png:-", :stdin_data=>image, :binmode=>true) if s.success? STDOUT.binmode; print thumbnail end
Open3.capture2 captures the standard output of a command.
stdout_str, status = Open3.capture2([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Example:
# factor is a command for integer factorization. o, s = Open3.capture2("factor", :stdin_data=>"42") p o #=> "42: 2 3 7\n" # generate x**2 graph in png using gnuplot. gnuplot_commands = <<"End" set terminal png plot x**2, "-" with lines 1 14 2 1 3 8 4 5 e End image, s = Open3.capture2("gnuplot", :stdin_data=>gnuplot_commands, :binmode=>true)
Open3.capture2 captures the standard output of a command.
stdout_str, status = Open3.capture2([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Example:
# factor is a command for integer factorization. o, s = Open3.capture2("factor", :stdin_data=>"42") p o #=> "42: 2 3 7\n" # generate x**2 graph in png using gnuplot. gnuplot_commands = <<"End" set terminal png plot x**2, "-" with lines 1 14 2 1 3 8 4 5 e End image, s = Open3.capture2("gnuplot", :stdin_data=>gnuplot_commands, :binmode=>true)
Open3.capture2e captures the standard output and the standard error of a command.
stdout_and_stderr_str, status = Open3.capture2e([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Example:
# capture make log make_log, s = Open3.capture2e("make")
Open3.capture2e captures the standard output and the standard error of a command.
stdout_and_stderr_str, status = Open3.capture2e([env,] cmd... [, opts])
The arguments env, cmd and opts are passed to Open3.popen3 except opts[:stdin_data] and opts[:binmode]. See Process.spawn.
If opts[:stdin_data] is specified, it is sent to the command’s standard input.
If opts[:binmode] is true, internal pipes are set to binary mode.
Example:
# capture make log make_log, s = Open3.capture2e("make")
Retrieve the PathSupport object that RubyGems uses to lookup files.
Initialize the filesystem paths to use from env. env is a hash-like object (typically ENV) that is queried for ‘GEM_HOME’, ‘GEM_PATH’, and ‘GEM_SPEC_CACHE’ Keys for the env hash should be Strings, and values of the hash should be Strings or nil.