Returns true if the named file is a character device.
file_name can be an IO object.
Initiates garbage collection, even if manually disabled.
This method is defined with keyword arguments that default to true:
def GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true); end
Use full_mark: false to perform a minor GC. Use immediate_sweep: false to defer sweeping (use lazy sweep).
Note: These keyword arguments are implementation and version dependent. They are not guaranteed to be future-compatible, and may be ignored if the underlying implementation does not support them.
Invokes the block with a Benchmark::Report object, which may be used to collect and report on the results of individual benchmark tests. Reserves label_width leading spaces for labels on each line. Prints caption at the top of the report, and uses format to format each line. (Note: caption must contain a terminating newline character, see the default Benchmark::Tms::CAPTION for an example.)
Returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects.
If the block returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects, these will be used to format additional lines of output. If labels parameter are given, these are used to label these extra lines.
Note: Other methods provide a simpler interface to this one, and are suitable for nearly all benchmarking requirements. See the examples in Benchmark, and the bm and bmbm methods.
Example:
require 'benchmark' include Benchmark # we need the CAPTION and FORMAT constants n = 5000000 Benchmark.benchmark(CAPTION, 7, FORMAT, ">total:", ">avg:") do |x| tf = x.report("for:") { for i in 1..n; a = "1"; end } tt = x.report("times:") { n.times do ; a = "1"; end } tu = x.report("upto:") { 1.upto(n) do ; a = "1"; end } [tf+tt+tu, (tf+tt+tu)/3] end
Generates:
user system total real for: 0.970000 0.000000 0.970000 ( 0.970493) times: 0.990000 0.000000 0.990000 ( 0.989542) upto: 0.970000 0.000000 0.970000 ( 0.972854) >total: 2.930000 0.000000 2.930000 ( 2.932889) >avg: 0.976667 0.000000 0.976667 ( 0.977630)
Invokes the block with a Benchmark::Report object, which may be used to collect and report on the results of individual benchmark tests. Reserves label_width leading spaces for labels on each line. Prints caption at the top of the report, and uses format to format each line. (Note: caption must contain a terminating newline character, see the default Benchmark::Tms::CAPTION for an example.)
Returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects.
If the block returns an array of Benchmark::Tms objects, these will be used to format additional lines of output. If labels parameter are given, these are used to label these extra lines.
Note: Other methods provide a simpler interface to this one, and are suitable for nearly all benchmarking requirements. See the examples in Benchmark, and the bm and bmbm methods.
Example:
require 'benchmark' include Benchmark # we need the CAPTION and FORMAT constants n = 5000000 Benchmark.benchmark(CAPTION, 7, FORMAT, ">total:", ">avg:") do |x| tf = x.report("for:") { for i in 1..n; a = "1"; end } tt = x.report("times:") { n.times do ; a = "1"; end } tu = x.report("upto:") { 1.upto(n) do ; a = "1"; end } [tf+tt+tu, (tf+tt+tu)/3] end
Generates:
user system total real for: 0.970000 0.000000 0.970000 ( 0.970493) times: 0.990000 0.000000 0.990000 ( 0.989542) upto: 0.970000 0.000000 0.970000 ( 0.972854) >total: 2.930000 0.000000 2.930000 ( 2.932889) >avg: 0.976667 0.000000 0.976667 ( 0.977630)
Skips the current file or directory, restarting the loop with the next entry. If the current file is a directory, that directory will not be recursively entered. Meaningful only within the block associated with Find::find.
See the Find module documentation for an example.
Skips the current file or directory, restarting the loop with the next entry. If the current file is a directory, that directory will not be recursively entered. Meaningful only within the block associated with Find::find.
See the Find module documentation for an example.
URI::parse(uri_str)
Creates one of the URI’s subclasses instance from the string.
URI::InvalidURIErrorRaised if URI given is not a correct one.
require 'uri' uri = URI.parse("http://www.ruby-lang.org/") # => #<URI::HTTP http://www.ruby-lang.org/> uri.scheme # => "http" uri.host # => "www.ruby-lang.org"
It’s recommended to first ::escape the provided uri_str if there are any invalid URI characters.
URI::extract(str[, schemes][,&blk])
Extracts URIs from a string. If block given, iterates through all matched URIs. Returns nil if block given or array with matches.
require "uri" URI.extract("text here http://foo.example.org/bla and here mailto:test@example.com and here also.") # => ["http://foo.example.com/bla", "mailto:test@example.com"]
Open3.pipeline_r starts a list of commands as a pipeline with a pipe which connects to stdout of the last command.
Open3.pipeline_r(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts]) {|last_stdout, wait_threads|
...
}
last_stdout, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_r(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
...
last_stdout.close
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as for Process.spawn.
Example:
Open3.pipeline_r("zcat /var/log/apache2/access.log.*.gz",
[{"LANG"=>"C"}, "grep", "GET /favicon.ico"],
"logresolve") {|o, ts|
o.each_line {|line|
...
}
}
Open3.pipeline_r("yes", "head -10") {|o, ts|
p o.read #=> "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"
p ts[0].value #=> #<Process::Status: pid 24910 SIGPIPE (signal 13)>
p ts[1].value #=> #<Process::Status: pid 24913 exit 0>
}
Open3.pipeline_r starts a list of commands as a pipeline with a pipe which connects to stdout of the last command.
Open3.pipeline_r(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts]) {|last_stdout, wait_threads|
...
}
last_stdout, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_r(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
...
last_stdout.close
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as for Process.spawn.
Example:
Open3.pipeline_r("zcat /var/log/apache2/access.log.*.gz",
[{"LANG"=>"C"}, "grep", "GET /favicon.ico"],
"logresolve") {|o, ts|
o.each_line {|line|
...
}
}
Open3.pipeline_r("yes", "head -10") {|o, ts|
p o.read #=> "y\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\ny\n"
p ts[0].value #=> #<Process::Status: pid 24910 SIGPIPE (signal 13)>
p ts[1].value #=> #<Process::Status: pid 24913 exit 0>
}
Open3.pipeline_w starts a list of commands as a pipeline with a pipe which connects to stdin of the first command.
Open3.pipeline_w(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts]) {|first_stdin, wait_threads|
...
}
first_stdin, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_w(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
...
first_stdin.close
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as for Process.spawn.
Example:
Open3.pipeline_w("bzip2 -c", :out=>"/tmp/hello.bz2") {|i, ts| i.puts "hello" }
Open3.pipeline_w starts a list of commands as a pipeline with a pipe which connects to stdin of the first command.
Open3.pipeline_w(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts]) {|first_stdin, wait_threads|
...
}
first_stdin, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_w(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
...
first_stdin.close
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as for Process.spawn.
Example:
Open3.pipeline_w("bzip2 -c", :out=>"/tmp/hello.bz2") {|i, ts| i.puts "hello" }
Open3.pipeline starts a list of commands as a pipeline. It waits for the completion of the commands. No pipes are created for stdin of the first command and stdout of the last command.
status_list = Open3.pipeline(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as Process.spawn.
Example:
fname = "/usr/share/man/man1/ruby.1.gz" p Open3.pipeline(["zcat", fname], "nroff -man", "less") #=> [#<Process::Status: pid 11817 exit 0>, # #<Process::Status: pid 11820 exit 0>, # #<Process::Status: pid 11828 exit 0>] fname = "/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz" Open3.pipeline(["zcat", fname], "nroff -man", "colcrt") # convert PDF to PS and send to a printer by lpr pdf_file = "paper.pdf" printer = "printer-name" Open3.pipeline(["pdftops", pdf_file, "-"], ["lpr", "-P#{printer}"]) # count lines Open3.pipeline("sort", "uniq -c", :in=>"names.txt", :out=>"count") # cyclic pipeline r,w = IO.pipe w.print "ibase=14\n10\n" Open3.pipeline("bc", "tee /dev/tty", :in=>r, :out=>w) #=> 14 # 18 # 22 # 30 # 42 # 58 # 78 # 106 # 202
Open3.pipeline starts a list of commands as a pipeline. It waits for the completion of the commands. No pipes are created for stdin of the first command and stdout of the last command.
status_list = Open3.pipeline(cmd1, cmd2, ... [, opts])
Each cmd is a string or an array. If it is an array, the elements are passed to Process.spawn.
cmd: commandline command line string which is passed to a shell [env, commandline, opts] command line string which is passed to a shell [env, cmdname, arg1, ..., opts] command name and one or more arguments (no shell) [env, [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ..., opts] command name and arguments including argv[0] (no shell) Note that env and opts are optional, as Process.spawn.
Example:
fname = "/usr/share/man/man1/ruby.1.gz" p Open3.pipeline(["zcat", fname], "nroff -man", "less") #=> [#<Process::Status: pid 11817 exit 0>, # #<Process::Status: pid 11820 exit 0>, # #<Process::Status: pid 11828 exit 0>] fname = "/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz" Open3.pipeline(["zcat", fname], "nroff -man", "colcrt") # convert PDF to PS and send to a printer by lpr pdf_file = "paper.pdf" printer = "printer-name" Open3.pipeline(["pdftops", pdf_file, "-"], ["lpr", "-P#{printer}"]) # count lines Open3.pipeline("sort", "uniq -c", :in=>"names.txt", :out=>"count") # cyclic pipeline r,w = IO.pipe w.print "ibase=14\n10\n" Open3.pipeline("bc", "tee /dev/tty", :in=>r, :out=>w) #=> 14 # 18 # 22 # 30 # 42 # 58 # 78 # 106 # 202
The standard configuration object for gems.
Use the given configuration object (which implements the ConfigFile protocol) as the standard configuration object.
Raises a TypeError to prevent cloning.
Returns the name of the script being executed. The value is not affected by assigning a new value to $0.
This method first appeared in Ruby 2.1 to serve as a global variable free means to get the script name.
Specifies the handling of signals. The first parameter is a signal name (a string such as “SIGALRM”, “SIGUSR1”, and so on) or a signal number. The characters “SIG” may be omitted from the signal name. The command or block specifies code to be run when the signal is raised. If the command is the string “IGNORE” or “SIG_IGN”, the signal will be ignored. If the command is “DEFAULT” or “SIG_DFL”, the Ruby’s default handler will be invoked. If the command is “EXIT”, the script will be terminated by the signal. If the command is “SYSTEM_DEFAULT”, the operating system’s default handler will be invoked. Otherwise, the given command or block will be run. The special signal name “EXIT” or signal number zero will be invoked just prior to program termination. trap returns the previous handler for the given signal.
Signal.trap(0, proc { puts "Terminating: #{$$}" }) Signal.trap("CLD") { puts "Child died" } fork && Process.wait
produces:
Terminating: 27461 Child died Terminating: 27460
Generates a valid JSON document from object obj and returns the result. If no valid JSON document can be created this method raises a GeneratorError exception.
Returns the generator of the group.
See the OpenSSL documentation for EC_GROUP_get0_generator()
Iterates over strongly connected component in the subgraph reachable from node.
Return value is unspecified.
each_strongly_connected_component_from doesn’t call tsort_each_node.
class G include TSort def initialize(g) @g = g end def tsort_each_child(n, &b) @g[n].each(&b) end def tsort_each_node(&b) @g.each_key(&b) end end graph = G.new({1=>[2, 3], 2=>[4], 3=>[2, 4], 4=>[]}) graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2] graph = G.new({1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}) graph.each_strongly_connected_component_from(2) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2, 3]
Iterates over strongly connected components in a graph. The graph is represented by node and each_child.
node is the first node. each_child should have call method which takes a node argument and yields for each child node.
Return value is unspecified.
TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from is a class method and it doesn’t need a class to represent a graph which includes TSort.
graph = {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]} each_child = lambda {|n, &b| graph[n].each(&b) } TSort.each_strongly_connected_component_from(1, each_child) {|scc| p scc } #=> [4] # [2, 3] # [1]