Creates an infinite enumerator from any block, just called over and over. The result of the previous iteration is passed to the next one. If initial is provided, it is passed to the first iteration, and becomes the first element of the enumerator; if it is not provided, the first iteration receives nil, and its result becomes the first element of the iterator.
Raising StopIteration from the block stops an iteration.
Enumerator.produce(1, &:succ) # => enumerator of 1, 2, 3, 4, .... Enumerator.produce { rand(10) } # => infinite random number sequence ancestors = Enumerator.produce(node) { |prev| node = prev.parent or raise StopIteration } enclosing_section = ancestors.find { |n| n.type == :section }
Using ::produce together with Enumerable methods like Enumerable#detect, Enumerable#slice_after, Enumerable#take_while can provide Enumerator-based alternatives for while and until cycles:
# Find next Tuesday require "date" Enumerator.produce(Date.today, &:succ).detect(&:tuesday?) # Simple lexer: require "strscan" scanner = StringScanner.new("7+38/6") PATTERN = %r{\d+|[-/+*]} Enumerator.produce { scanner.scan(PATTERN) }.slice_after { scanner.eos? }.first # => ["7", "+", "38", "/", "6"]
With no arguments, sets the default visibility for subsequently defined methods to protected. With arguments, sets the named methods to have protected visibility. String arguments are converted to symbols. An Array of Symbols and/or Strings are also accepted.
If a method has protected visibility, it is callable only where self of the context is the same as the method. (method definition or instance_eval). This behavior is different from Java’s protected method. Usually private should be used.
Note that a protected method is slow because it can’t use inline cache.
To show a private method on RDoc, use :doc: instead of this.
Runs the early binding method to get property. The 1st argument specifies dispatch ID, the 2nd argument specifies the array of arguments, the 3rd argument specifies the array of the type of arguments.
excel = WIN32OLE.new('Excel.Application') puts excel._getproperty(558, [], []) # same effect as puts excel.visible
Runs the early binding method to set property. The 1st argument specifies dispatch ID, the 2nd argument specifies the array of arguments, the 3rd argument specifies the array of the type of arguments.
excel = WIN32OLE.new('Excel.Application') excel._setproperty(558, [true], [WIN32OLE::VARIANT::VT_BOOL]) # same effect as excel.visible = true
Sets property of OLE object. When you want to set property with argument, you can use this method.
excel = WIN32OLE.new('Excel.Application') excel.Visible = true book = excel.workbooks.add sheet = book.worksheets(1) sheet.setproperty('Cells', 1, 2, 10) # => The B1 cell value is 10.
Returns array of ProgID.
Returns ProgID if it exists. If not found, then returns nil.
tobj = WIN32OLE_TYPE.new('Microsoft Excel 9.0 Object Library', 'Application') puts tobj.progid # => Excel.Application.9
Returns a time returned by POSIX clock_gettime() function.
p Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) #=> 896053.968060096
clock_id specifies a kind of clock. It is specified as a constant which begins with Process::CLOCK_ such as Process::CLOCK_REALTIME and Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC.
The supported constants depends on OS and version. Ruby provides following types of clock_id if available.
CLOCK_REALTIME
SUSv2 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 2.1, macOS 10.12
CLOCK_MONOTONIC
SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 3.0, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 3.4, macOS 10.12
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 9.3, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
SUSv3 to 4, Linux 2.5.63, FreeBSD 7.1, OpenBSD 5.4, macOS 10.12
CLOCK_VIRTUAL
FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1
CLOCK_PROF
FreeBSD 3.0, OpenBSD 2.1
CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_REALTIME_PRECISE
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
Linux 2.6.32
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM
Linux 3.0
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_PRECISE
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE
Linux 2.6.32
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
Linux 2.6.28, macOS 10.12
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX
macOS 10.12
CLOCK_BOOTTIME
Linux 2.6.39
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
Linux 3.0
CLOCK_UPTIME
FreeBSD 7.0, OpenBSD 5.5
CLOCK_UPTIME_FAST
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
macOS 10.12
CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX
macOS 10.12
CLOCK_UPTIME_PRECISE
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_SECOND
FreeBSD 8.1
CLOCK_TAI
Linux 3.10
Note that SUS stands for Single Unix Specification. SUS contains POSIX and clock_gettime is defined in the POSIX part. SUS defines CLOCK_REALTIME mandatory but CLOCK_MONOTONIC, CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID and CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID are optional.
Also, several symbols are accepted as clock_id. There are emulations for clock_gettime().
For example, Process::CLOCK_REALTIME is defined as :GETTIMEOFDAY_BASED_CLOCK_REALTIME when clock_gettime() is not available.
Emulations for CLOCK_REALTIME:
Use gettimeofday() defined by SUS. (SUSv4 obsoleted it, though.) The resolution is 1 microsecond.
Use time() defined by ISO C. The resolution is 1 second.
Emulations for CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
Use mach_absolute_time(), available on Darwin. The resolution is CPU dependent.
Use the result value of times() defined by POSIX. POSIX defines it as “times() shall return the elapsed real time, in clock ticks, since an arbitrary point in the past (for example, system start-up time)”. For example, GNU/Linux returns a value based on jiffies and it is monotonic. However, 4.4BSD uses gettimeofday() and it is not monotonic. (FreeBSD uses clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) instead, though.) The resolution is the clock tick. “getconf CLK_TCK” command shows the clock ticks per second. (The clock ticks per second is defined by HZ macro in older systems.) If it is 100 and clock_t is 32 bits integer type, the resolution is 10 millisecond and cannot represent over 497 days.
Emulations for CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:
Use getrusage() defined by SUS. getrusage() is used with RUSAGE_SELF to obtain the time only for the calling process (excluding the time for child processes). The result is addition of user time (ru_utime) and system time (ru_stime). The resolution is 1 microsecond.
Use times() defined by POSIX. The result is addition of user time (tms_utime) and system time (tms_stime). tms_cutime and tms_cstime are ignored to exclude the time for child processes. The resolution is the clock tick. “getconf CLK_TCK” command shows the clock ticks per second. (The clock ticks per second is defined by HZ macro in older systems.) If it is 100, the resolution is 10 millisecond.
Use clock() defined by ISO C. The resolution is 1/CLOCKS_PER_SEC. CLOCKS_PER_SEC is the C-level macro defined by time.h. SUS defines CLOCKS_PER_SEC is 1000000. Non-Unix systems may define it a different value, though. If CLOCKS_PER_SEC is 1000000 as SUS, the resolution is 1 microsecond. If CLOCKS_PER_SEC is 1000000 and clock_t is 32 bits integer type, it cannot represent over 72 minutes.
If the given clock_id is not supported, Errno::EINVAL is raised.
unit specifies a type of the return value.
number of seconds as a float (default)
number of milliseconds as a float
number of microseconds as a float
number of seconds as an integer
number of milliseconds as an integer
number of microseconds as an integer
number of nanoseconds as an integer
The underlying function, clock_gettime(), returns a number of nanoseconds. Float object (IEEE 754 double) is not enough to represent the return value for CLOCK_REALTIME. If the exact nanoseconds value is required, use :nanoseconds as the unit.
The origin (zero) of the returned value varies. For example, system start up time, process start up time, the Epoch, etc.
The origin in CLOCK_REALTIME is defined as the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC). But some systems count leap seconds and others doesn’t. So the result can be interpreted differently across systems. Time.now is recommended over CLOCK_REALTIME.
Returns an estimate of the resolution of a clock_id using the POSIX clock_getres() function.
Note the reported resolution is often inaccurate on most platforms due to underlying bugs for this function and therefore the reported resolution often differs from the actual resolution of the clock in practice. Inaccurate reported resolutions have been observed for various clocks including CLOCK_MONOTONIC and CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW when using Linux, macOS, BSD or AIX platforms, when using ARM processors, or when using virtualization.
clock_id specifies a kind of clock. See the document of Process.clock_gettime for details. clock_id can be a symbol as for Process.clock_gettime.
If the given clock_id is not supported, Errno::EINVAL is raised.
unit specifies the type of the return value. Process.clock_getres accepts unit as Process.clock_gettime. The default value, :float_second, is also the same as Process.clock_gettime.
Process.clock_getres also accepts :hertz as unit. :hertz means the reciprocal of :float_second.
:hertz can be used to obtain the exact value of the clock ticks per second for the times() function and CLOCKS_PER_SEC for the clock() function.
Process.clock_getres(:TIMES_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz) returns the clock ticks per second.
Process.clock_getres(:CLOCK_BASED_CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, :hertz) returns CLOCKS_PER_SEC.
p Process.clock_getres(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) #=> 1.0e-09
Creates an HTTP proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP, but performs all access via the specified proxy.
This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new. See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.
True if requests for this connection will be proxied
Sends a PROPPATCH request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
Sends a PROPFIND request to the path and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse object.
Advertises this service on the primary remote TupleSpace.
Returns the list of protected methods accessible to obj. If the all parameter is set to false, only those methods in the receiver will be listed.
Returns true if the set is a proper superset of the given set.
Returns true if the set is a proper subset of the given set.
Receives up to maxlen bytes from socket using recvfrom(2) after O_NONBLOCK is set for the underlying file descriptor. flags is zero or more of the MSG_ options. The first element of the results, mesg, is the data received. The second element, sender_addrinfo, contains protocol-specific address information of the sender.
When recvfrom(2) returns 0, Socket#recvfrom_nonblock returns an empty string as data. The meaning depends on the socket: EOF on TCP, empty packet on UDP, etc.
maxlen - the maximum number of bytes to receive from the socket
flags - zero or more of the MSG_ options
outbuf - destination String buffer
opts - keyword hash, supporting ‘exception: false`
# In one file, start this first require 'socket' include Socket::Constants socket = Socket.new(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0) sockaddr = Socket.sockaddr_in(2200, 'localhost') socket.bind(sockaddr) socket.listen(5) client, client_addrinfo = socket.accept begin # emulate blocking recvfrom pair = client.recvfrom_nonblock(20) rescue IO::WaitReadable IO.select([client]) retry end data = pair[0].chomp puts "I only received 20 bytes '#{data}'" sleep 1 socket.close # In another file, start this second require 'socket' include Socket::Constants socket = Socket.new(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0) sockaddr = Socket.sockaddr_in(2200, 'localhost') socket.connect(sockaddr) socket.puts "Watch this get cut short!" socket.close
Refer to Socket#recvfrom for the exceptions that may be thrown if the call to recvfrom_nonblock fails.
Socket#recvfrom_nonblock may raise any error corresponding to recvfrom(2) failure, including Errno::EWOULDBLOCK.
If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN, it is extended by IO::WaitReadable. So IO::WaitReadable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying recvfrom_nonblock.
By specifying a keyword argument exception to false, you can indicate that recvfrom_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitReadable exception, but return the symbol :wait_readable instead.
Receives up to maxlen bytes from udpsocket using recvfrom(2) after O_NONBLOCK is set for the underlying file descriptor. flags is zero or more of the MSG_ options. The first element of the results, mesg, is the data received. The second element, sender_inet_addr, is an array to represent the sender address.
When recvfrom(2) returns 0, Socket#recvfrom_nonblock returns an empty string as data. It means an empty packet.
maxlen - the number of bytes to receive from the socket
flags - zero or more of the MSG_ options
outbuf - destination String buffer
options - keyword hash, supporting ‘exception: false`
require 'socket' s1 = UDPSocket.new s1.bind("127.0.0.1", 0) s2 = UDPSocket.new s2.bind("127.0.0.1", 0) s2.connect(*s1.addr.values_at(3,1)) s1.connect(*s2.addr.values_at(3,1)) s1.send "aaa", 0 begin # emulate blocking recvfrom p s2.recvfrom_nonblock(10) #=> ["aaa", ["AF_INET", 33302, "localhost.localdomain", "127.0.0.1"]] rescue IO::WaitReadable IO.select([s2]) retry end
Refer to Socket#recvfrom for the exceptions that may be thrown if the call to recvfrom_nonblock fails.
UDPSocket#recvfrom_nonblock may raise any error corresponding to recvfrom(2) failure, including Errno::EWOULDBLOCK.
If the exception is Errno::EWOULDBLOCK or Errno::EAGAIN, it is extended by IO::WaitReadable. So IO::WaitReadable can be used to rescue the exceptions for retrying recvfrom_nonblock.
By specifying a keyword argument exception to false, you can indicate that recvfrom_nonblock should not raise an IO::WaitReadable exception, but return the symbol :wait_readable instead.
Returns the methods available to this delegate object as the union of this object’s and _getobj_ protected methods.
Hadamard product
Matrix[[1,2], [3,4]].hadamard_product(Matrix[[1,2], [3,2]]) # => 1 4 # 9 8
Returns the inner product of this vector with the other.
Vector[4,7].inner_product Vector[10,1] # => 47
Program name to be emitted in error message and default banner, defaults to $0.
Returns the number of malloc() allocations.
Only available if ruby was built with CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE.