Returns a clone of this method.
class A def foo return "bar" end end m = A.new.method(:foo) m.call # => "bar" n = m.clone.call # => "bar"
Returns a curried proc based on the method. When the proc is called with a number of arguments that is lower than the method’s arity, then another curried proc is returned. Only when enough arguments have been supplied to satisfy the method signature, will the method actually be called.
The optional arity argument should be supplied when currying methods with variable arguments to determine how many arguments are needed before the method is called.
def foo(a,b,c) [a, b, c] end proc = self.method(:foo).curry proc2 = proc.call(1, 2) #=> #<Proc> proc2.call(3) #=> [1,2,3] def vararg(*args) args end proc = self.method(:vararg).curry(4) proc2 = proc.call(:x) #=> #<Proc> proc3 = proc2.call(:y, :z) #=> #<Proc> proc3.call(:a) #=> [:x, :y, :z, :a]
Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a method. Returns a nonnegative integer for methods that take a fixed number of arguments. For Ruby methods that take a variable number of arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required arguments. Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument, that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory. For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a variable number of arguments.
class C def one; end def two(a); end def three(*a); end def four(a, b); end def five(a, b, *c); end def six(a, b, *c, &d); end def seven(a, b, x:0); end def eight(x:, y:); end def nine(x:, y:, **z); end def ten(*a, x:, y:); end end c = C.new c.method(:one).arity #=> 0 c.method(:two).arity #=> 1 c.method(:three).arity #=> -1 c.method(:four).arity #=> 2 c.method(:five).arity #=> -3 c.method(:six).arity #=> -3 c.method(:seven).arity #=> -3 c.method(:eight).arity #=> 1 c.method(:nine).arity #=> 1 c.method(:ten).arity #=> -2 "cat".method(:size).arity #=> 0 "cat".method(:replace).arity #=> 1 "cat".method(:squeeze).arity #=> -1 "cat".method(:count).arity #=> -1
Returns the class or module that defines the method. See also Method#receiver.
(1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable
Returns a clone of this method.
class A def foo return "bar" end end m = A.new.method(:foo) m.call # => "bar" n = m.clone.call # => "bar"
Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a method. Returns a nonnegative integer for methods that take a fixed number of arguments. For Ruby methods that take a variable number of arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required arguments. Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument, that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory. For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a variable number of arguments.
class C def one; end def two(a); end def three(*a); end def four(a, b); end def five(a, b, *c); end def six(a, b, *c, &d); end def seven(a, b, x:0); end def eight(x:, y:); end def nine(x:, y:, **z); end def ten(*a, x:, y:); end end c = C.new c.method(:one).arity #=> 0 c.method(:two).arity #=> 1 c.method(:three).arity #=> -1 c.method(:four).arity #=> 2 c.method(:five).arity #=> -3 c.method(:six).arity #=> -3 c.method(:seven).arity #=> -3 c.method(:eight).arity #=> 1 c.method(:nine).arity #=> 1 c.method(:ten).arity #=> -2 "cat".method(:size).arity #=> 0 "cat".method(:replace).arity #=> 1 "cat".method(:squeeze).arity #=> -1 "cat".method(:count).arity #=> -1
Returns the class or module that defines the method. See also Method#receiver.
(1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable
Basically the same as ::new. However, if class Thread is subclassed, then calling start in that subclass will not invoke the subclass’s initialize method.
Raises an exception from the given thread. The caller does not have to be thr. See Kernel#raise for more information.
Thread.abort_on_exception = true a = Thread.new { sleep(200) } a.raise("Gotcha")
This will produce:
prog.rb:3: Gotcha (RuntimeError) from prog.rb:2:in `initialize' from prog.rb:2:in `new' from prog.rb:2
Returns the current backtrace of the target thread.
When max is an Integer, rand returns a random integer greater than or equal to zero and less than max. Unlike Kernel.rand, when max is a negative integer or zero, rand raises an ArgumentError.
prng = Random.new prng.rand(100) # => 42
When max is a Float, rand returns a random floating point number between 0.0 and max, including 0.0 and excluding max.
prng.rand(1.5) # => 1.4600282860034115
When max is a Range, rand returns a random number where range.member?(number) == true.
prng.rand(5..9) # => one of [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] prng.rand(5...9) # => one of [5, 6, 7, 8] prng.rand(5.0..9.0) # => between 5.0 and 9.0, including 9.0 prng.rand(5.0...9.0) # => between 5.0 and 9.0, excluding 9.0
Both the beginning and ending values of the range must respond to subtract (-) and add (+)methods, or rand will raise an ArgumentError.
Seeds the system pseudo-random number generator, Random::DEFAULT, with number. The previous seed value is returned.
If number is omitted, seeds the generator using a source of entropy provided by the operating system, if available (/dev/urandom on Unix systems or the RSA cryptographic provider on Windows), which is then combined with the time, the process id, and a sequence number.
srand may be used to ensure repeatable sequences of pseudo-random numbers between different runs of the program. By setting the seed to a known value, programs can be made deterministic during testing.
srand 1234 # => 268519324636777531569100071560086917274 [ rand, rand ] # => [0.1915194503788923, 0.6221087710398319] [ rand(10), rand(1000) ] # => [4, 664] srand 1234 # => 1234 [ rand, rand ] # => [0.1915194503788923, 0.6221087710398319]
Alias of Random::DEFAULT.rand.
Returns a string, using platform providing features. Returned value is expected to be a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number in binary form. This method raises a RuntimeError if the feature provided by platform failed to prepare the result.
In 2017, Linux manpage random(7) writes that “no cryptographic primitive available today can hope to promise more than 256 bits of security”. So it might be questionable to pass size > 32 to this method.
Random.urandom(8) #=> "\x78\x41\xBA\xAF\x7D\xEA\xD8\xEA"
Returns true if this lock is currently held by current thread.
Removes all objects from the queue.
Removes all objects from the queue.
Document-method: trace
A convenience method for TracePoint.new, that activates the trace
automatically.
trace = TracePoint.trace(:call) { |tp| [tp.lineno, tp.event] }
#=> #<TracePoint:enabled>
trace.enabled? #=> true
Line number of the event
With no arguments, raises the exception in $! or raises a RuntimeError if $! is nil. With a single String argument, raises a RuntimeError with the string as a message. Otherwise, the first parameter should be an Exception class (or another object that returns an Exception object when sent an exception message). The optional second parameter sets the message associated with the exception (accessible via Exception#message), and the third parameter is an array of callback information (accessible via Exception#backtrace). The cause of the generated exception (accessible via Exception#cause) is automatically set to the “current” exception ($!), if any. An alternative value, either an Exception object or nil, can be specified via the :cause argument.
Exceptions are caught by the rescue clause of begin...end blocks.
raise "Failed to create socket" raise ArgumentError, "No parameters", caller
Equivalent to Kernel::gets, except readline raises EOFError at end of file.
Returns an array containing the lines returned by calling Kernel.gets(sep) until the end of file.
Seeds the system pseudo-random number generator, Random::DEFAULT, with number. The previous seed value is returned.
If number is omitted, seeds the generator using a source of entropy provided by the operating system, if available (/dev/urandom on Unix systems or the RSA cryptographic provider on Windows), which is then combined with the time, the process id, and a sequence number.
srand may be used to ensure repeatable sequences of pseudo-random numbers between different runs of the program. By setting the seed to a known value, programs can be made deterministic during testing.
srand 1234 # => 268519324636777531569100071560086917274 [ rand, rand ] # => [0.1915194503788923, 0.6221087710398319] [ rand(10), rand(1000) ] # => [4, 664] srand 1234 # => 1234 [ rand, rand ] # => [0.1915194503788923, 0.6221087710398319]
If called without an argument, or if max.to_i.abs == 0, rand returns a pseudo-random floating point number between 0.0 and 1.0, including 0.0 and excluding 1.0.
rand #=> 0.2725926052826416
When max.abs is greater than or equal to 1, rand returns a pseudo-random integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than max.to_i.abs.
rand(100) #=> 12
When max is a Range, rand returns a random number where range.member?(number) == true.
Negative or floating point values for max are allowed, but may give surprising results.
rand(-100) # => 87 rand(-0.5) # => 0.8130921818028143 rand(1.9) # equivalent to rand(1), which is always 0
Kernel.srand may be used to ensure that sequences of random numbers are reproducible between different runs of a program.
See also Random.rand.