Results for: "partition"

Raised when an unknown conversion error occurs.

Raised when a conversion failure occurs.

Raised when a RSS::Maker attempts to use an unknown maker.

Raised by Encoding and String methods when a transcoding operation fails.

C union shell

This exception is raised if a parser error occurs.

This exception is raised if the nesting of parsed data structures is too deep.

This exception is raised if a generator or unparser error occurs.

YAML event parser class. This class parses a YAML document and calls events on the handler that is passed to the constructor. The events can be used for things such as constructing a YAML AST or deserializing YAML documents. It can even be fed back to Psych::Emitter to emit the same document that was parsed.

See Psych::Handler for documentation on the events that Psych::Parser emits.

Here is an example that prints out ever scalar found in a YAML document:

# Handler for detecting scalar values
class ScalarHandler < Psych::Handler
  def scalar value, anchor, tag, plain, quoted, style
    puts value
  end
end

parser = Psych::Parser.new(ScalarHandler.new)
parser.parse(yaml_document)

Here is an example that feeds the parser back in to Psych::Emitter. The YAML document is read from STDIN and written back out to STDERR:

parser = Psych::Parser.new(Psych::Emitter.new($stderr))
parser.parse($stdin)

Psych uses Psych::Parser in combination with Psych::TreeBuilder to construct an AST of the parsed YAML document.

Subclass of Zlib::Error

When zlib returns a Z_VERSION_ERROR, usually if the zlib library version is incompatible with the version assumed by the caller.

exception to wait for writing by EAGAIN. see IO.select.

exception to wait for writing by EWOULDBLOCK. see IO.select.

exception to wait for writing by EINPROGRESS. see IO.select.

Overview

This file provides the CGI::Session class, which provides session support for CGI scripts. A session is a sequence of HTTP requests and responses linked together and associated with a single client. Information associated with the session is stored on the server between requests. A session id is passed between client and server with every request and response, transparently to the user. This adds state information to the otherwise stateless HTTP request/response protocol.

Lifecycle

A CGI::Session instance is created from a CGI object. By default, this CGI::Session instance will start a new session if none currently exists, or continue the current session for this client if one does exist. The new_session option can be used to either always or never create a new session. See new() for more details.

delete() deletes a session from session storage. It does not however remove the session id from the client. If the client makes another request with the same id, the effect will be to start a new session with the old session’s id.

Setting and retrieving session data.

The Session class associates data with a session as key-value pairs. This data can be set and retrieved by indexing the Session instance using ‘[]’, much the same as hashes (although other hash methods are not supported).

When session processing has been completed for a request, the session should be closed using the close() method. This will store the session’s state to persistent storage. If you want to store the session’s state to persistent storage without finishing session processing for this request, call the update() method.

Storing session state

The caller can specify what form of storage to use for the session’s data with the database_manager option to CGI::Session::new. The following storage classes are provided as part of the standard library:

CGI::Session::FileStore

stores data as plain text in a flat file. Only works with String data. This is the default storage type.

CGI::Session::MemoryStore

stores data in an in-memory hash. The data only persists for as long as the current Ruby interpreter instance does.

CGI::Session::PStore

stores data in Marshalled format. Provided by cgi/session/pstore.rb. Supports data of any type, and provides file-locking and transaction support.

Custom storage types can also be created by defining a class with the following methods:

new(session, options)
restore  # returns hash of session data.
update
close
delete

Changing storage type mid-session does not work. Note in particular that by default the FileStore and PStore session data files have the same name. If your application switches from one to the other without making sure that filenames will be different and clients still have old sessions lying around in cookies, then things will break nastily!

Maintaining the session id.

Most session state is maintained on the server. However, a session id must be passed backwards and forwards between client and server to maintain a reference to this session state.

The simplest way to do this is via cookies. The CGI::Session class provides transparent support for session id communication via cookies if the client has cookies enabled.

If the client has cookies disabled, the session id must be included as a parameter of all requests sent by the client to the server. The CGI::Session class in conjunction with the CGI class will transparently add the session id as a hidden input field to all forms generated using the CGI#form() HTML generation method. No built-in support is provided for other mechanisms, such as URL re-writing. The caller is responsible for extracting the session id from the session_id attribute and manually encoding it in URLs and adding it as a hidden input to HTML forms created by other mechanisms. Also, session expiry is not automatically handled.

Examples of use

Setting the user’s name

require 'cgi'
require 'cgi/session'
require 'cgi/session/pstore'     # provides CGI::Session::PStore

cgi = CGI.new("html4")

session = CGI::Session.new(cgi,
    'database_manager' => CGI::Session::PStore,  # use PStore
    'session_key' => '_rb_sess_id',              # custom session key
    'session_expires' => Time.now + 30 * 60,     # 30 minute timeout
    'prefix' => 'pstore_sid_')                   # PStore option
if cgi.has_key?('user_name') and cgi['user_name'] != ''
    # coerce to String: cgi[] returns the
    # string-like CGI::QueryExtension::Value
    session['user_name'] = cgi['user_name'].to_s
elsif !session['user_name']
    session['user_name'] = "guest"
end
session.close

Creating a new session safely

require 'cgi'
require 'cgi/session'

cgi = CGI.new("html4")

# We make sure to delete an old session if one exists,
# not just to free resources, but to prevent the session
# from being maliciously hijacked later on.
begin
    session = CGI::Session.new(cgi, 'new_session' => false)
    session.delete
rescue ArgumentError  # if no old session
end
session = CGI::Session.new(cgi, 'new_session' => true)
session.close

Note: Don’t use this class directly. This is an internal class.

Note: Don’t use this class directly. This is an internal class.