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Produces a shallow copy of obj—the instance variables of obj are copied, but not the objects they reference. clone copies the frozen (unless :freeze keyword argument is given with a false value) and tainted state of obj. See also the discussion under Object#dup.

class Klass
   attr_accessor :str
end
s1 = Klass.new      #=> #<Klass:0x401b3a38>
s1.str = "Hello"    #=> "Hello"
s2 = s1.clone       #=> #<Klass:0x401b3998 @str="Hello">
s2.str[1,4] = "i"   #=> "i"
s1.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3a38 @str=\"Hi\">"
s2.inspect          #=> "#<Klass:0x401b3998 @str=\"Hi\">"

This method may have class-specific behavior. If so, that behavior will be documented under the #initialize_copy method of the class.

Returns obj.

string = 'my string' #=> "my string"
string.itself.object_id == string.object_id #=> true

provides a unified clone operation, for REXML::XPathParser to use across multiple Object types

Returns the absolute value of int.

-12345.abs   #=> 12345
12345.abs    #=> 12345
-1234567890987654321.abs   #=> 1234567890987654321

Returns the array including the digits extracted by place-value notation with radix base of int.

base should be greater than or equal to 2.

12345.digits      #=> [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
12345.digits(7)   #=> [4, 6, 6, 0, 5]
12345.digits(100) #=> [45, 23, 1]

-12345.digits(7)  #=> Math::DomainError

Returns a complex object which denotes the given rectangular form.

Complex.rectangular(1, 2)  #=> (1+2i)

Returns a complex object which denotes the given polar form.

Complex.polar(3, 0)            #=> (3.0+0.0i)
Complex.polar(3, Math::PI/2)   #=> (1.836909530733566e-16+3.0i)
Complex.polar(3, Math::PI)     #=> (-3.0+3.673819061467132e-16i)
Complex.polar(3, -Math::PI/2)  #=> (1.836909530733566e-16-3.0i)

Returns the imaginary part.

Complex(7).imaginary      #=> 0
Complex(9, -4).imaginary  #=> -4

Returns the absolute part of its polar form.

Complex(-1).abs         #=> 1
Complex(3.0, -4.0).abs  #=> 5.0

Returns the angle part of its polar form.

Complex.polar(3, Math::PI/2).arg  #=> 1.5707963267948966

Returns an array; [cmp.real, cmp.imag].

Complex(1, 2).rectangular  #=> [1, 2]

Returns an array; [cmp.abs, cmp.arg].

Complex(1, 2).polar  #=> [2.23606797749979, 1.1071487177940904]

Returns the complex conjugate.

Complex(1, 2).conjugate  #=> (1-2i)

Returns the complex conjugate.

Complex(1, 2).conjugate  #=> (1-2i)

Returns true if cmp‘s magnitude is finite number, oterwise returns false.

Returns values corresponding to the value of cmp‘s magnitude:

finite

nil

+Infinity

+1

For example:

   (1+1i).infinite?                   #=> nil
   (Float::INFINITY + 1i).infinite?   #=> 1

Returns zero.

Returns 0 if the value is positive, pi otherwise.

Returns an array; [num, 0].

Returns an array; [num.abs, num.arg].

Returns self.

Returns self.

Returns the absolute value of num.

12.abs         #=> 12
(-34.56).abs   #=> 34.56
-34.56.abs     #=> 34.56

Numeric#magnitude is an alias of Numeric#abs.

Returns self if num is not zero, nil otherwise.

This behavior is useful when chaining comparisons:

a = %w( z Bb bB bb BB a aA Aa AA A )
b = a.sort {|a,b| (a.downcase <=> b.downcase).nonzero? || a <=> b }
b   #=> ["A", "a", "AA", "Aa", "aA", "BB", "Bb", "bB", "bb", "z"]

Return true if num is finite number, oterwise returns false.

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