Returns the smallest number than or equal to int
in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
Precision may be negative. Returns a floating point number when ndigits
is positive, self
for zero, and truncate up for negative.
1.truncate #=> 1 1.truncate(2) #=> 1.0 15.truncate(-1) #=> 10
Rounds int
to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
Precision may be negative. Returns a floating point number when ndigits
is positive, self
for zero, and round down for negative.
1.round #=> 1 1.round(2) #=> 1.0 15.round(-1) #=> 20
Returns the absolute value of int
.
-12345.abs #=> 12345 12345.abs #=> 12345 -1234567890987654321.abs #=> 1234567890987654321
Returns the absolute part of its polar form.
Complex(-1).abs #=> 1 Complex(3.0, -4.0).abs #=> 5.0
Returns true
if cmp
‘s magnitude is finite number, oterwise returns false
.
Returns values corresponding to the value of cmp
‘s magnitude:
finite
nil
+Infinity
+1
For example: (1+1i).infinite? #=> nil (Float::INFINITY + 1i).infinite? #=> 1
Only the object nil responds true
to nil?
.
Returns the absolute value of num
.
12.abs #=> 12 (-34.56).abs #=> 34.56 -34.56.abs #=> 34.56
Numeric#magnitude
is an alias of Numeric#abs
.
Return true if num
is finite number, oterwise returns false.
Returns values corresponding to the value of num
‘s magnitude:
finite
nil
-Infinity
-1
+Infinity
+1
Rounds num
to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
Precision may be negative. Returns a floating point number when ndigits
is more than zero.
Numeric
implements this by converting itself to a Float
and invoking Float#round
.
Returns num
truncated to an Integer
.
Numeric
implements this by converting its value to a Float
and invoking Float#truncate
.
Decodes str (which may contain binary data) according to the format string, returning an array of each value extracted. The format string consists of a sequence of single-character directives, summarized in the table at the end of this entry. Each directive may be followed by a number, indicating the number of times to repeat with this directive. An asterisk (“*
”) will use up all remaining elements. The directives sSiIlL
may each be followed by an underscore (“_
”) or exclamation mark (“!
”) to use the underlying platform’s native size for the specified type; otherwise, it uses a platform-independent consistent size. Spaces are ignored in the format string. See also String#unpack1
, Array#pack
.
"abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack('A6Z6') #=> ["abc", "abc "] "abc \0\0".unpack('a3a3') #=> ["abc", " \000\000"] "abc \0abc \0".unpack('Z*Z*') #=> ["abc ", "abc "] "aa".unpack('b8B8') #=> ["10000110", "01100001"] "aaa".unpack('h2H2c') #=> ["16", "61", 97] "\xfe\xff\xfe\xff".unpack('sS') #=> [-2, 65534] "now=20is".unpack('M*') #=> ["now is"] "whole".unpack('xax2aX2aX1aX2a') #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
This table summarizes the various formats and the Ruby classes returned by each.
Integer | | Directive | Returns | Meaning ------------------------------------------------------------------ C | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char) S | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t) L | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t) Q | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t) J | Integer | pointer width unsigned, native endian (uintptr_t) | | c | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char) s | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t) l | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t) q | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t) j | Integer | pointer width signed, native endian (intptr_t) | | S_ S! | Integer | unsigned short, native endian I I_ I! | Integer | unsigned int, native endian L_ L! | Integer | unsigned long, native endian Q_ Q! | Integer | unsigned long long, native endian (ArgumentError | | if the platform has no long long type.) J! | Integer | uintptr_t, native endian (same with J) | | s_ s! | Integer | signed short, native endian i i_ i! | Integer | signed int, native endian l_ l! | Integer | signed long, native endian q_ q! | Integer | signed long long, native endian (ArgumentError | | if the platform has no long long type.) j! | Integer | intptr_t, native endian (same with j) | | S> s> S!> s!> | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except L> l> L!> l!> | | big endian I!> i!> | | Q> q> Q!> q!> | | "S>" is same as "n" J> j> J!> j!> | | "L>" is same as "N" | | S< s< S!< s!< | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except L< l< L!< l!< | | little endian I!< i!< | | Q< q< Q!< q!< | | "S<" is same as "v" J< j< J!< j!< | | "L<" is same as "V" | | n | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order N | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order v | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order V | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order | | U | Integer | UTF-8 character w | Integer | BER-compressed integer (see Array.pack) Float | | Directive | Returns | Meaning ----------------------------------------------------------------- D d | Float | double-precision, native format F f | Float | single-precision, native format E | Float | double-precision, little-endian byte order e | Float | single-precision, little-endian byte order G | Float | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order g | Float | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order String | | Directive | Returns | Meaning ----------------------------------------------------------------- A | String | arbitrary binary string (remove trailing nulls and ASCII spaces) a | String | arbitrary binary string Z | String | null-terminated string B | String | bit string (MSB first) b | String | bit string (LSB first) H | String | hex string (high nibble first) h | String | hex string (low nibble first) u | String | UU-encoded string M | String | quoted-printable, MIME encoding (see RFC2045) m | String | base64 encoded string (RFC 2045) (default) | | base64 encoded string (RFC 4648) if followed by 0 P | String | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string) p | String | pointer to a null-terminated string Misc. | | Directive | Returns | Meaning ----------------------------------------------------------------- @ | --- | skip to the offset given by the length argument X | --- | skip backward one byte x | --- | skip forward one byte
HISTORY
J, J! j, and j! are available since Ruby 2.3.
Q_, Q!, q_, and q! are available since Ruby 2.1.
I!<, i!<, I!>, and i!> are available since Ruby 1.9.3.
Decodes str (which may contain binary data) according to the format string, returning the first value extracted. See also String#unpack
, Array#pack
.
Each other_str
parameter defines a set of characters to count. The intersection of these sets defines the characters to count in str
. Any other_str
that starts with a caret ^
is negated. The sequence c1-c2
means all characters between c1 and c2. The backslash character \
can be used to escape ^
or -
and is otherwise ignored unless it appears at the end of a sequence or the end of a other_str
.
a = "hello world" a.count "lo" #=> 5 a.count "lo", "o" #=> 2 a.count "hello", "^l" #=> 4 a.count "ej-m" #=> 4 "hello^world".count "\\^aeiou" #=> 4 "hello-world".count "a\\-eo" #=> 4 c = "hello world\\r\\n" c.count "\\" #=> 2 c.count "\\A" #=> 0 c.count "X-\\w" #=> 3
Rounds float
to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
Precision may be negative. Returns a floating point number when ndigits
is more than zero.
1.4.round #=> 1 1.5.round #=> 2 1.6.round #=> 2 (-1.5).round #=> -2 1.234567.round(2) #=> 1.23 1.234567.round(3) #=> 1.235 1.234567.round(4) #=> 1.2346 1.234567.round(5) #=> 1.23457 34567.89.round(-5) #=> 0 34567.89.round(-4) #=> 30000 34567.89.round(-3) #=> 35000 34567.89.round(-2) #=> 34600 34567.89.round(-1) #=> 34570 34567.89.round(0) #=> 34568 34567.89.round(1) #=> 34567.9 34567.89.round(2) #=> 34567.89 34567.89.round(3) #=> 34567.89
If half:
optional keyword is given, just-half number will be rounded according to that value. Supported values for this keyword are follows.
:up
or nil
: the result will be rounded away from zero
:even
: the result will be rounded to nearest even number
:down
: the result will be rounded close to zero
Truncates float
to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
Precision may be negative. Returns a floating point number when ndigits
is more than zero.
Return values corresponding to the value of float
:
finite
nil
-Infinity
-1
+Infinity
1
For example:
(0.0).infinite? #=> nil (-1.0/0.0).infinite? #=> -1 (+1.0/0.0).infinite? #=> 1
Returns true
if float
is a valid IEEE floating point number (it is not infinite, and Float#nan?
is false
).
Deletes the named directory. Raises a subclass of SystemCallError
if the directory isn’t empty.
Deletes the named files, returning the number of names passed as arguments. Raises an exception on any error. See also Dir::rmdir
.
Truncates the file file_name to be at most integer bytes long. Not available on all platforms.
f = File.new("out", "w") f.write("1234567890") #=> 10 f.close #=> nil File.truncate("out", 5) #=> 0 File.size("out") #=> 5
Truncates file to at most integer bytes. The file must be opened for writing. Not available on all platforms.
f = File.new("out", "w") f.syswrite("1234567890") #=> 10 f.truncate(5) #=> 0 f.close() #=> nil File.size("out") #=> 5
Round to the nearest integer (by default), returning the result as a BigDecimal
.
BigDecimal('3.14159').round #=> 3 BigDecimal('8.7').round #=> 9 BigDecimal('-9.9').round #=> -10
If n is specified and positive, the fractional part of the result has no more than that many digits.
If n is specified and negative, at least that many digits to the left of the decimal point will be 0 in the result.
BigDecimal('3.14159').round(3) #=> 3.142 BigDecimal('13345.234').round(-2) #=> 13300.0
The value of the optional mode argument can be used to determine how rounding is performed; see BigDecimal.mode
.