returns the indexth byte as an integer.
modifies the indexth byte as integer.
Byte Reference—If passed a single Integer, returns a substring of one byte at that position. If passed two Integer objects, returns a substring starting at the offset given by the first, and a length given by the second. If given a Range, a substring containing bytes at offsets given by the range is returned. In all three cases, if an offset is negative, it is counted from the end of str. Returns nil if the initial offset falls outside the string, the length is negative, or the beginning of the range is greater than the end. The encoding of the resulted string keeps original encoding.
"hello".byteslice(1) #=> "e" "hello".byteslice(-1) #=> "o" "hello".byteslice(1, 2) #=> "el" "\x80\u3042".byteslice(1, 3) #=> "\u3042" "\x03\u3042\xff".byteslice(1..3) #=> "\u3042"
If the string is invalid byte sequence then replace invalid bytes with given replacement character, else returns self. If block is given, replace invalid bytes with returned value of the block.
"abc\u3042\x81".scrub #=> "abc\u3042\uFFFD" "abc\u3042\x81".scrub("*") #=> "abc\u3042*" "abc\u3042\xE3\x80".scrub{|bytes| '<'+bytes.unpack('H*')[0]+'>' } #=> "abc\u3042<e380>"
If the string is invalid byte sequence then replace invalid bytes with given replacement character, else returns self. If block is given, replace invalid bytes with returned value of the block.
"abc\u3042\x81".scrub! #=> "abc\u3042\uFFFD" "abc\u3042\x81".scrub!("*") #=> "abc\u3042*" "abc\u3042\xE3\x80".scrub!{|bytes| '<'+bytes.unpack('H*')[0]+'>' } #=> "abc\u3042<e380>"
If the string is frozen, then return duplicated mutable string.
If the string is not frozen, then return the string itself.
If the string is frozen, then return the string itself.
If the string is not frozen, then duplicate the string freeze it and return it.
Produces a version of str with all non-printing characters replaced by \nnn notation and all special characters escaped.
"hello \n ''".dump #=> "\"hello \\n ''\""
Returns a copy of str with all lowercase letters replaced with their uppercase counterparts.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
"hEllO".upcase #=> "HELLO"
Returns a copy of str with all uppercase letters replaced with their lowercase counterparts. Which letters exactly are replaced, and by which other letters, depends on the presence or absence of options, and on the encoding of the string.
The meaning of the options is as follows:
Full Unicode case mapping, suitable for most languages (see :turkic and :lithuanian options below for exceptions). Context-dependent case mapping as described in Table 3-14 of the Unicode standard is currently not supported.
Only the ASCII region, i.e. the characters “A” to “Z” and “a” to “z”, are affected. This option cannot be combined with any other option.
Full Unicode case mapping, adapted for Turkic languages (Turkish, Aserbaijani,…). This means that upper case I is mapped to lower case dotless i, and so on.
Currently, just full Unicode case mapping. In the future, full Unicode case mapping adapted for Lithuanian (keeping the dot on the lower case i even if there is an accent on top).
Only available on downcase and downcase!. Unicode case folding, which is more far-reaching than Unicode case mapping. This option currently cannot be combined with any other option (i.e. there is currenty no variant for turkic languages).
Please note that several assumptions that are valid for ASCII-only case conversions do not hold for more general case conversions. For example, the length of the result may not be the same as the length of the input (neither in characters nor in bytes), some roundtrip assumptions (e.g. str.downcase == str.upcase.downcase) may not apply, and Unicode normalization (i.e. String#unicode_normalize) is not necessarily maintained by case mapping operations.
Non-ASCII case mapping/folding is currently supported for UTF-8, UTF-16BE/LE, UTF-32BE/LE, and ISO-8859-1~16 Strings/Symbols. This support will be extended to other encodings.
"hEllO".downcase #=> "hello"
Returns a copy of str with the first character converted to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
"hello".capitalize #=> "Hello" "HELLO".capitalize #=> "Hello" "123ABC".capitalize #=> "123abc"
Returns a copy of str with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lowercase and lowercase characters converted to uppercase.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
"Hello".swapcase #=> "hELLO" "cYbEr_PuNk11".swapcase #=> "CyBeR_pUnK11"
Upcases the contents of str, returning nil if no changes were made.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
Downcases the contents of str, returning nil if no changes were made.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
Modifies str by converting the first character to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase. Returns nil if no changes are made.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
a = "hello" a.capitalize! #=> "Hello" a #=> "Hello" a.capitalize! #=> nil
Equivalent to String#swapcase, but modifies the receiver in place, returning str, or nil if no changes were made.
See String#downcase for meaning of options and use with different encodings.
Treats leading characters from str as a string of hexadecimal digits (with an optional sign and an optional 0x) and returns the corresponding number. Zero is returned on error.
"0x0a".hex #=> 10 "-1234".hex #=> -4660 "0".hex #=> 0 "wombat".hex #=> 0
Treats leading characters of str as a string of octal digits (with an optional sign) and returns the corresponding number. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.
"123".oct #=> 83 "-377".oct #=> -255 "bad".oct #=> 0 "0377bad".oct #=> 255
If str starts with 0, radix indicators are honored. See Kernel#Integer.
Divides str into substrings based on a delimiter, returning an array of these substrings.
If pattern is a String, then its contents are used as the delimiter when splitting str. If pattern is a single space, str is split on whitespace, with leading whitespace and runs of contiguous whitespace characters ignored.
If pattern is a Regexp, str is divided where the pattern matches. Whenever the pattern matches a zero-length string, str is split into individual characters. If pattern contains groups, the respective matches will be returned in the array as well.
If pattern is nil, the value of $; is used. If $; is nil (which is the default), str is split on whitespace as if ‘ ’ were specified.
If the limit parameter is omitted, trailing null fields are suppressed. If limit is a positive number, at most that number of split substrings will be returned (captured groups will be returned as well, but are not counted towards the limit). If limit is 1, the entire string is returned as the only entry in an array. If negative, there is no limit to the number of fields returned, and trailing null fields are not suppressed.
When the input str is empty an empty Array is returned as the string is considered to have no fields to split.
" now's the time".split #=> ["now's", "the", "time"] " now's the time".split(' ') #=> ["now's", "the", "time"] " now's the time".split(/ /) #=> ["", "now's", "", "the", "time"] "1, 2.34,56, 7".split(%r{,\s*}) #=> ["1", "2.34", "56", "7"] "hello".split(//) #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"] "hello".split(//, 3) #=> ["h", "e", "llo"] "hi mom".split(%r{\s*}) #=> ["h", "i", "m", "o", "m"] "mellow yellow".split("ello") #=> ["m", "w y", "w"] "1,2,,3,4,,".split(',') #=> ["1", "2", "", "3", "4"] "1,2,,3,4,,".split(',', 4) #=> ["1", "2", "", "3,4,,"] "1,2,,3,4,,".split(',', -4) #=> ["1", "2", "", "3", "4", "", ""] "1:2:3".split(/(:)()()/, 2) #=> ["1", ":", "", "", "2:3"] "".split(',', -1) #=> []
Returns an array of bytes in str. This is a shorthand for str.each_byte.to_a.
If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_byte.
Returns an array of characters in str. This is a shorthand for str.each_char.to_a.
If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_char.
Returns a new string with the characters from str in reverse order.
"stressed".reverse #=> "desserts"
Reverses str in place.
Append—Concatenates the given object to str. If the object is an Integer, it is considered as a codepoint, and is converted to a character before concatenation. Concat can take multiple arguments. All the arguments are concatenated in order.
a = "hello " a << "world" #=> "hello world" a.concat(33) #=> "hello world!" a #=> "hello world!" b = "sn" b.concat(b, b) #=> "snsnsn"