Results for: "Logger"

Builds a methods for level meth.

Clean up messages so they’re nice and pretty.

This library provides debugging functionality to Ruby.

To add a debugger to your code, start by requiring debug in your program:

def say(word)
  require 'debug'
  puts word
end

This will cause Ruby to interrupt execution and show a prompt when the say method is run.

Once you’re inside the prompt, you can start debugging your program.

(rdb:1) p word
"hello"

Getting help

You can get help at any time by pressing h.

(rdb:1) h
Debugger help v.-0.002b
Commands
  b[reak] [file:|class:]<line|method>
  b[reak] [class.]<line|method>
                             set breakpoint to some position
  wat[ch] <expression>       set watchpoint to some expression
  cat[ch] (<exception>|off)  set catchpoint to an exception
  b[reak]                    list breakpoints
  cat[ch]                    show catchpoint
  del[ete][ nnn]             delete some or all breakpoints
  disp[lay] <expression>     add expression into display expression list
  undisp[lay][ nnn]          delete one particular or all display expressions
  c[ont]                     run until program ends or hit breakpoint
  s[tep][ nnn]               step (into methods) one line or till line nnn
  n[ext][ nnn]               go over one line or till line nnn
  w[here]                    display frames
  f[rame]                    alias for where
  l[ist][ (-|nn-mm)]         list program, - lists backwards
                             nn-mm lists given lines
  up[ nn]                    move to higher frame
  down[ nn]                  move to lower frame
  fin[ish]                   return to outer frame
  tr[ace] (on|off)           set trace mode of current thread
  tr[ace] (on|off) all       set trace mode of all threads
  q[uit]                     exit from debugger
  v[ar] g[lobal]             show global variables
  v[ar] l[ocal]              show local variables
  v[ar] i[nstance] <object>  show instance variables of object
  v[ar] c[onst] <object>     show constants of object
  m[ethod] i[nstance] <obj>  show methods of object
  m[ethod] <class|module>    show instance methods of class or module
  th[read] l[ist]            list all threads
  th[read] c[ur[rent]]       show current thread
  th[read] [sw[itch]] <nnn>  switch thread context to nnn
  th[read] stop <nnn>        stop thread nnn
  th[read] resume <nnn>      resume thread nnn
  p expression               evaluate expression and print its value
  h[elp]                     print this help
  <everything else>          evaluate

Usage

The following is a list of common functionalities that the debugger provides.

Navigating through your code

In general, a debugger is used to find bugs in your program, which often means pausing execution and inspecting variables at some point in time.

Let’s look at an example:

def my_method(foo)
  require 'debug'
  foo = get_foo if foo.nil?
  raise if foo.nil?
end

When you run this program, the debugger will kick in just before the foo assignment.

(rdb:1) p foo
nil

In this example, it’d be interesting to move to the next line and inspect the value of foo again. You can do that by pressing n:

(rdb:1) n # goes to next line
(rdb:1) p foo
nil

You now know that the original value of foo was nil, and that it still was nil after calling get_foo.

Other useful commands for navigating through your code are:

c

Runs the program until it either exists or encounters another breakpoint. You usually press c when you are finished debugging your program and want to resume its execution.

s

Steps into method definition. In the previous example, s would take you inside the method definition of get_foo.

r

Restart the program.

q

Quit the program.

Inspecting variables

You can use the debugger to easily inspect both local and global variables. We’ve seen how to inspect local variables before:

(rdb:1) p my_arg
42

You can also pretty print the result of variables or expressions:

(rdb:1) pp %w{a very long long array containing many words}
["a",
 "very",
 "long",
 ...
]

You can list all local variables with +v l+:

(rdb:1) v l
  foo => "hello"

Similarly, you can show all global variables with +v g+:

(rdb:1) v g
  all global variables

Finally, you can omit p if you simply want to evaluate a variable or expression

(rdb:1) 5**2
25

Going beyond basics

Ruby Debug provides more advanced functionalities like switching between threads, setting breakpoints and watch expressions, and more. The full list of commands is available at any time by pressing h.

Staying out of trouble

Make sure you remove every instance of +require ‘debug’+ before shipping your code. Failing to do so may result in your program hanging unpredictably.

Debug is not available in safe mode.

Add double dispatch to Integer

When mathn is required, Integer’s division is enhanced to return more precise values from mathematical expressions.

2/3*3  # => 0
require 'mathn'
2/3*3  # => 2

(2**72) / ((2**70) * 3)  # => 4/3

Holds Integer values. You cannot add a singleton method to an Integer. Any attempt to add a singleton method to an Integer object will raise a TypeError.

Raised when an invalid operation is attempted on a Fiber, in particular when attempting to call/resume a dead fiber, attempting to yield from the root fiber, or calling a fiber across threads.

fiber = Fiber.new{}
fiber.resume #=> nil
fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called

Raised when a given numerical value is out of range.

[1, 2, 3].drop(1 << 100)

raises the exception:

RangeError: bignum too big to convert into `long'

Raised when a file required (a Ruby script, extension library, …) fails to load.

require 'this/file/does/not/exist'

raises the exception:

LoadError: no such file to load -- this/file/does/not/exist

EncodingError is the base class for encoding errors.

TCPServer represents a TCP/IP server socket.

A simple TCP server may look like:

require 'socket'

server = TCPServer.new 2000 # Server bind to port 2000
loop do
  client = server.accept    # Wait for a client to connect
  client.puts "Hello !"
  client.puts "Time is #{Time.now}"
  client.close
end

A more usable server (serving multiple clients):

require 'socket'

server = TCPServer.new 2000
loop do
  Thread.start(server.accept) do |client|
    client.puts "Hello !"
    client.puts "Time is #{Time.now}"
    client.close
  end
end

UNIXServer represents a UNIX domain stream server socket.

Raised when OLE processing failed.

EX:

obj = WIN32OLE.new("NonExistProgID")

raises the exception:

WIN32OLERuntimeError: unknown OLE server: `NonExistProgID'
    HRESULT error code:0x800401f3
      Invalid class string

The GetoptLong class allows you to parse command line options similarly to the GNU getopt_long() C library call. Note, however, that GetoptLong is a pure Ruby implementation.

GetoptLong allows for POSIX-style options like --file as well as single letter options like -f

The empty option -- (two minus symbols) is used to end option processing. This can be particularly important if options have optional arguments.

Here is a simple example of usage:

require 'getoptlong'

opts = GetoptLong.new(
  [ '--help', '-h', GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT ],
  [ '--repeat', '-n', GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT ],
  [ '--name', GetoptLong::OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT ]
)

dir = nil
name = nil
repetitions = 1
opts.each do |opt, arg|
  case opt
    when '--help'
      puts <<-EOF
hello [OPTION] ... DIR

-h, --help:
   show help

--repeat x, -n x:
   repeat x times

--name [name]:
   greet user by name, if name not supplied default is John

DIR: The directory in which to issue the greeting.
      EOF
    when '--repeat'
      repetitions = arg.to_i
    when '--name'
      if arg == ''
        name = 'John'
      else
        name = arg
      end
  end
end

if ARGV.length != 1
  puts "Missing dir argument (try --help)"
  exit 0
end

dir = ARGV.shift

Dir.chdir(dir)
for i in (1..repetitions)
  print "Hello"
  if name
    print ", #{name}"
  end
  puts
end

Example command line:

hello -n 6 --name -- /tmp

Raised when attempting to divide an integer by 0.

42 / 0
#=> ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0

Note that only division by an exact 0 will raise the exception:

42 /  0.0 #=> Float::INFINITY
42 / -0.0 #=> -Float::INFINITY
0  /  0.0 #=> NaN

Raised when attempting to convert special float values (in particular infinite or NaN) to numerical classes which don’t support them.

Float::INFINITY.to_r
#=> FloatDomainError: Infinity

Raised when Ruby can’t yield as requested.

A typical scenario is attempting to yield when no block is given:

def call_block
  yield 42
end
call_block

raises the exception:

LocalJumpError: no block given (yield)

A more subtle example:

def get_me_a_return
  Proc.new { return 42 }
end
get_me_a_return.call

raises the exception:

LocalJumpError: unexpected return

Raised when given an invalid regexp expression.

Regexp.new("?")

raises the exception:

RegexpError: target of repeat operator is not specified: /?/